高考英语复习6.定语从句（语法）语法讲座：定语从句一、先行词、关系代词和关系副词1．先行词(antecedent)就是被定语从句所修饰的名词。

在英语中，定语从句跟在被修饰词之后，所以被修饰词就是“先行”的词。

2．连接定语从句，要用关系代词(relative pronoun)和关系副词(relative adverb)。

关系代词和关系副词与连接词不完全相同，因为它们除了连接主句和定语从句，还在定语从句中代替一定的成分。

二、关系代词1．who先行词是“人”，在从句中代替主语。

注意：代替从句中的主语，who不能省略。

who的单复数由先行词决定。

但是要注意“one of +先行词”与“the only one of +先行词”的情况。

2．whom先行词是“人”，在从句中代替宾语。

whom在从句中经常可以省略，但如果在介词后面，则不能省。

3．which先行词是“物”，在从句中可以代替主语或宾语。

which代替主语时，不能省略，它的单复数由先行词决定。

which 代替宾语时则经常省略，但如果在介词后面，那么也不能省略。

which的先行词有时还可以是前面的整个句子，这时它总是看成单数，也不能省略。

4．that先行词可以是“人”，也可以是“物”，在从句中可以代替主语或者宾语。

that代替主语时，不能省略，代替宾语时则经常省略。

that不能用在介词之后。

在以下三种情况时，我们一般不用关系代词who, whom, 和which，而只用that：1）先行词是不定代词如anything, something, all等词，或由all, every, little, any, much, the very 等词所修饰；2）先行词前有最高级形容词或序数词所修饰；3）先行词是由and连接的两个词，分别指“人”和“物”。

5．whose先行词可以是“人”，也可以是“物”，在从句中代替定语。

whose不能省略。

如果先行词是“物”，我们也可以用sth. of which代替whose。

6．as先行词是“such+名词”，或者“the same +名词”，在从句中代替主语或者宾语。

as不能省略。

as的先行词有时还可以是一个句子，这个句子可以放在as之前，也可以放在as之后。

三、关系副词1．when先行词是表示时间的名词，如time, day, year, century等，when 在从句中代替时间状语。

when一般不能省略。

定语从句中，when可以用“介词+which”代替。

注意：表示时间的名词后面并不都是用when引导的定语从句，也可以是由which或that引导的定语从句。

2．where先行词是表示地点的名词，如place, room, house, school, factory等，where在从句中代替地点状语。

where一般不能省略。

定语从句中，where可以用“介词+which”代替。

注意：表示地点的名词后面并不一定都是用where引导的定语从句，也可以是由which或that 引导的定语从句。

3．why先行词是reason。

why一般不省略。

reason为先行词的时候，也可能是由which或that引导的从句。

四、限制性和非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句跟主句的关系比较密切，如果缺少，对方将不明白你要表达的确切的意思，它跟主句之间不用逗号隔开，中文翻译的时候，常把从句放在名词之前。

非限制性定语从句只出现在书面，一般情况下，没有这个定语从句，对方也不会误解，或者说，这类定语从句只是一种补充说明，它与主句之间要用逗号隔开，翻译成中文时，常为两个句子。

非限制性定语从句经常是用在先行词是专有名词的时候，或先行词表示的“人”或“物”是“独一无二的”。

非限制性定语从句不能用that连接。

高考真题试析：01年37题He’s got himself into a dangerous situation ____ he is likely to lose control over the plane.A. whereB. whichC. whileD. why02年31题Alec asked the policeman ____ he worked to contact him whenever there was an accident.A. with himB. whoC. with whomD. whom03年41题I can think of many cases ____ students obviously knew a lotof English w ords and expressions but couldn’t write a good essay.A. whyB. whichC. asD. where04年36题American women usually identify their best friend as someone ____ they can talk frequently.A. whoB. asC. about whichD. with whom04年（春）36题A fast food restaurant is the place ____, just as the name suggests, eating is performed quickly.A. whichB. whereC. thereD. what05年40题If a shop has chairs ____ women can park their men, women will spend more time in the shop.A. thatB. whichC. whenD. where05年（春）34题The United States is made up of fifty states, one of ____ is separated from the others by the Pacific Ocean.A. themB. thoseC. whichD. whose06年37题In an hour, we can travel to places ____ would have taken our ancestors days to reach.A. whereB. whenC. whichD. what07年37题His movie won several awards at the film festival, ____ was beyond his wildest dream.A. whichB. thatC. whereD. it08年（春）37题Villagers here depend on the fishing industry, ____ there won’t be much work.A. whereB. thatC. by whichD. without which08年38题We went through a period ____ communications were very difficult in the rural areas.A. whichB. whoseC. in whichD. with which练习：1. Can you tell me the name of the factory ____ you visited last week?A. whatB. whereC. /D. whose2. Wilma became the first American woman to win three Olympic gold medals in track, ____ madeher mother very proud.A. itB. thatC. whichD. what3. I don’t like ____ you speak to her.A. the wayB. the way in thatC. the way whichD. the way of which4. Have you seen the film “Titanic”, ____ leading actor is world famous?A. itsB. it’sC. whoseD. which5. The thought of going back home was ____ kept him happy while he was working abroad.A. thatC. all whatD. which6. They have succeeded in solving many problems in accordance with the new theory, ____ isannounced in today’s newspaper.A. thatB. asC. whenD. what7. There are no such rules in selling liquor in China ____ in the U.K.A. as there areB. as areC. when there areD. which are8. I sent invitation to 80 people, ____ have replied.A. of whom only 20 of theseB. only 20 of these whoC. of whom only 20D. only 20 who9. We have to consider what to do in situations ____ there are many people involved.A. whereB. whenC. whetherD. which10. We’ve just installed central heating, ____ should make a tremendous difference to the house nextwinter.B. itC. thatD. which11. The death of her husband and the suffering ____ caused affected the young lady greatly.A. thatB. itC. whatD. which12. That was said to be the worst traffic accident ____ on A20 Highway.A. ever happeningB. ever happenedC. that had happenedD. which had happened13. The mineral resources ____ modern industry depends are running out quickly.A. thatB. whereC. in whichD. on which14. The size of the audience, ____ we had expected, was more than 5 hundred.A. whomB. whoC. asD. that15. We can define a joke as something you say ____ causes laughter.A. itB. thatC. /D. which16. So angry was Kate at all ____ he was doing ____ she walked out without saying anything.A. what; thatB. which; thatC. that; thatD. that; which17. Living in the country has its advantages, ____ freedom from pollution is the best.A. for whatB. whichC. of whichD. from that18. I have got the same dictionary ____ my teacher showed us last week.A. asB. that C, which D. when19. I still remember the place ____ used to be quiet and beautiful.A. whoB. whichC. whereD. /20. John has really changed a lot. He is not the same man ____.A. like he wasB. who he wasC. as he wasD. that he was21. There comes a time in everyone’s life ____.A. which he needsB. when he has to thinkC. that he needsD. why he has to think22. The reason ____ she failed in the exam was ____ she hadn’t worked hard enough.A. why; thatB. why; becauseC. that; whyD. because; why23. The professor has recommended some books ____ will certainly help you in your work.A. which I am sureB. I am sure whichC. of which I’m sureD. and I’m sure which24. He made another wonderful discovery, ____ of great importance to mankind.A. which I think isB. which I think it isC. that I think isD. that I think it is25. The writer and his books ____ are known to us all are welcome here.A. thatB. whichC. whoD. what26. It is said that the dog ____ is still worth 1000 yuan.A. whose left eye is blindB. of which the left eye is blindC. which is blind in the left eyeD. which is blinded its left eye27. Language is like a huge city, to the building of ____ every human being has brought a stone.A. whichB. thatC. itD. this28. There are 48 students in our class, ____ two-thirds are girls.A. whichB. thatC. of whomD. of which29. You can find whatever you need in the shopping centre, ____ is always busy at the weekend.A. thatB. whereC. whatD. which30. The school is famous for such strict rules ____ good for students in forming good habits.A. that areB. as isC. as areD. that is31. I’ll never forget the years ____ I spent in the country withthe farmers, ____ has a great effect onmy life.A. when; whichB. when; thatC. that; whichD. which; when32. Farmers no longer live only on crops in the area ____ the highway is built.A. whereB. whichC. thatD. in that33. Is it in the factory ____ your father works ____ we’ll work for two weeks?A. where; thatB. where; whereC. that; whereD. that; that34. The company will not employ ____ eyesight is weak.A. whoever whoseB. anyone whoseC. someone of whomD. anyone else’s35. The biggest single hobby in western countries ____ western people spend their most time, energyand money is gardening.A. in whichB. whereC. thatD. on which36. The goals ____ he had fought all his life no longer seemed important to him.A. at whichB. with whichC. after whichD. for which37. Children under sixteen are discouraged to see such films ____ have too many bloody violentscenes.A. thatB. asC. whichD. /38. Glen saw a film with his girl friend, ____ they had dinner at a nearby restaurant.A. whenB. whichC. after whichD. that after39. All of the flowers now raised here have developed from those ____ in the forest.A. once they grewB. they grew onceC. that once grewD. once grew40. He may be late, in ____ case we ought to wait for him.A. whoseB. itsC. whichD. that41. Mr Black, ____ we have a sincere respect, is quite outstanding in the field of natural science.A. of whomB. whoC. for whomD. whom42. The teachers hope the little ____ they have been doing will be useful when their students leaveschool.A. whatB. thatC. whichD. who43. The melting point is the temperature ____ a solid changes into a liquid.A. whichB. thatC. at whichD. in that44. In 1850, Yale University established Sheffield Scientific School, ____.A. which was educated engineers thereB. in which were engineers educatedC. where engineers were educatedD. where were engineers educated45. All those ____ were watching the 100-metre dash applauded, giving a big hand to the gold medalwinner.A. whichB. whoD. whom46. ____ we have to complete the construction is 2 million dollars.A. All whatB. That allC. All thatD. Which47. The course normally attracts twenty students per year, ____ up to half will be from overseas.A. of whomB. of whichC. whoD. which48. More and more scientists have made new discoveries ____ challenge our established theories of the universe.A. whenB. whereC. whatD. that49. She heard a terrible noise, ____ brought her heart into her mouth.A. itB. whichC. thisD. that50. The weather turned out to be very good, ____ was more than we could expect.A. whatB. whichD. it51. After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town ____ he grew up as a child.A. whichB. whereC. thatD. when52. Carol said the work would be done by October, ____ personally I doubt very much.A. itB. thatC. whenD. which53. Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, ____, of course, made the othersunhappy.A. whoB. whichC. thisD. what54. The film brought the hours back to me ____ I was taken good care of in that faraway village.A. untilB. thatC. whenD. where55. ____ is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.A. ItC. ThatD. What56. The old man still remembers those happy years ____ he lived in the country with his grand parents,____ has left a life-long impression on him.A. that; whichB. when; whichC. which; thatD. when; who57. In the office I never seem to have time until after 5:30 p.m., ____ many people have gone home.A. whose timeB. thatC. on whichD. by which time58. He was rude to the customs officer, ____ of course made things even worse.A. whoB. whomC. whatD. which59. ____ is mentioned above, the number of the students in senior high schools is increasing.A. WhichB. AsC. ThatD. It60. Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase, ____ was very reasonable.A. which priceB. the price of whichC. its priceD. the price of whose61. I often spend weekends in Shanghai Library, ____ I can find a lot to read.A. whereB. asC. whichD. that62. The first place ____ we will visit is the factory ____ produces vitamin pills.A. that; whichB. which; thatC. where; thatD. that; where63. The science of medicine, ____ progress has been very rapid lately, is perhaps the most importantof all the science.A. in whichB. to whichC. whichD. which64. Has all ____ can be done ____?A. what; doneB. that; been doneC. that; already doneD. what; already been done65. You shouldn’t have asked him the same question ____ I asked a moment ago.A. likeB. whichC. whatD. as66. Is there anything ____ I can do for you at the moment?A. whichB. /C. of whichD. by which67. Do you believe the reason ____ Mary mentioned just now for her being absent?A. whichB. for whichC. whyD. what68. The man ____ report ____ we have just read is a famous journalist.A. who; whichB. who; /C. whose; /D. who; whose69. The germ theory of disease, ____ its name suggests, means that some diseases are caused bygerms.A. whichB. asC. by whichD. through which70. Mr Herein is one of the foreign experts who ____ here in our hospital.A. worksB. is workingC. has workedD. are working。