英语语法：定语从句英语语法：定语从句定语从句免不了要进行句法结构和语法成分的分析，而这往往是学生的薄弱环节，故此，在学习定语从句之前，学生应打好两方面的基础：一、吃透句子成分，能找出简单句中的主、宾、表、定语及状语等成分。

主语：主语 (Subject) 是一个句子的主体，一般位于句首。

名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、从句等均可用作主语。

例如：I’m fond of my sister but she has one serious shortcoming. 我喜欢姐姐，但她有个严重的缺点。

(人教①U3)My background is traditional Chinese music. 我的背景是中国传统音乐。

(外研⑥M4)To find a best friend is difficult. 找到一个好朋友不容易。

(译林⑤U1)No one knows for sure, and making predictions is a risky business. 谁也说不准，并且预测也是件冒险的事。

(外研④M1) What is even more unbelievable is the fact that some murderers are let out of prison after three or four years. 更不可思议的是一些杀人犯三四年后获释出狱。

(北师大⑧U24)宾语：宾语(Object) 是动作的承受者，一般位于及物动词之后。

名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、从句等均可用作宾语。

例如：We often do homework together and we enjoy helping each other. 我们经常一起做作业，乐于彼此帮忙。

(人教①U1) He also writes film music. 他也写影视音乐。

(外研②M3)I’ve tried and failed to make paper with all these plants. 我尝试了，但是用所有这些也没能造成纸。

(译林②U3)I hope I can go there to study. 我希望能去那里学习。

(北师大⑤U13)注：表语、定语及状语等详见《新课标高中语法》二、学好简单句，在简单句中深入认识及物动词和不及物动词。

英语的句子根据其结构可分为三种类型：简单句、并列句和复合句。

简单句有六种基本句型，英语里形形色色、千变万化的句子皆由这六种基本句型演变而来。

学好简单句是学好并列句和复合句的前提。

1. 主语 + 谓语这种结构中，谓语一般由不及物动词充当。

例如：Mrs. Black and her children talked and laughed. 布莱克夫人和她的孩子们有说有笑。

Over 500 types of native American animals and plants have disappeared. 美洲已有500多种本土动植物消失。

2. 主语 + 系动词 + 表语常见的'系动词有：be (是)，become (变成)，seem (看起来)，appear (显得)，get (变得)，grow (变得)，turn (变成)，remain (仍然是)，come (变得)，fall (变得)， hold (保持)，keep (保持)，stand (保持)，stay (保持)，smell (闻起来)，look (看上去)，sound (听起来)，taste (尝起来)，feel (摸起来)等。

例如：It is a way of thinking. 这是一种思考方式。

(人教②U5)Its walls remain as good as before. 城墙仍然和以前一样好。

(人教②U1)All of the food looks, smells and tastes wonderful. 所有食物都色、香、味俱佳。

3. 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语这种结构中，谓语一般由及物动词充当。

例如：The museum also has an excellent restaurant. 博物馆里还有一家极好的餐馆。

(人教⑥U1)I like taking risks. 我喜欢冒险。

(北师大⑤U14)The rapid development of tourism has created many jobopportunities. 业的蓬勃发展创造了很多工作机会。

4. 主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语直接宾语和间接宾语合称为双宾语，间接宾语一般为人，直接宾语一般为物。

常见的能带双宾语的及物动词有：give, bring, tell, send, leave, pass, read, write, take, wish, show, offer,teach, get, award, lend, rent, buy, pay, hand, recommend 等。

例如：One day, he offered me some crack co caine. 一天，他给了我一些强效。

(外研②M2)I’ll lend you something to read. 我借些书给你看。

You gave me some good advice. 你给了我一些好建议。

(译林①U2)5. 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语宾语和宾语补足语合称为复合宾语，常见的带复合宾语结构的及物动词有：elect, feel,find, get, have, hear, imagine, keep, make, notice, see, let, smell, start, watch, appoint, believe, call, catch, allow, ask, cause, consider, expect, know, tell, think, want, wish, listen to, look at等。

例如：I didn’t want all three men to die. 我不想那三个人死。

(外研⑤M3)My wife calls me a “movie fan”. 我妻子称我为“电影迷”。

(北师大①U1)I saw them walking across the road. 我看到他们穿过那条马路。

We’ll have the r oom redecorated. 我们会请人把房间重新装修一下。

6. there be 句型there be句型常用来表示“在某地 / 某时有某物 / 某人”。

在此句型中，there是引导词，无实义，其主语是be动词之后的名词或名词短语动词。

be在人称和数上应和其后的主语(名词) 保持一致，即主语是不可数名词或单数可数名词时用单数，复数可数名词时用复数。

若be后有两个或两个以上的名词作主语时，谓语动词常与邻近的主语在数上保持一致。

例如：There is a pen and some books on the desk. 书桌上有支钢笔和几本书。

In Indonesia there is a wildlife park for endangered animals. 在印度尼西亚有一个野生动物园，它是专门为濒临绝种的动物设立的。

(人教②U4)该句型中的谓语有时用used to be, seem to be, appear to be, happen to be等词组表示。

例如：There used to be a castle at the foot of the hill. 过去山脚下有一个城堡。

There seems (to be) something wrong about it. 好像有点不大对头。

There happened to be nobody in the room. 恰好那时候房里没人。

解题方法一、选准关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中，关系代词或关系副词都代替先行词在从句中充当一定的成分，如果该从句中缺少主语、表语、宾语或定语，就要用关系代词来连接从句；如果从句中缺少状语，就得用关系副词来连接从句。

例如：(1) I still remember the days which / that we spent together.(2) I still remember the days when we worked together.二、了解仅用that 引导限制性定语从句的几种情况that 在限制性定语从句中既可指人又可指事或物。

在下列情况下，只能用that 来引导定语从句：1. 先行词是all , much, few, little, everything, anything, nothing 等不定代词时。

例如：Is there anything that you want to buy?2. 先行词被all, few, little, much, every, some, no等词修饰或被the only, the very, the same, the last 等限定词修饰时。

例如：These are all the pictures that I have seen.This is the very dictionary that is ofgreathelp.3. 先行词既指人又指物时。

例如：My father and his teacher talked a lot about the things and the persons that they could remember.4. 关系代词在定语从句中作表语时。

例如：Our school is not the one that it used to be.5. 先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时。

例如：This is the best English film that I have ever seen.The first English novel that I read was A Tale of Two Cities.6. 主句是who 或which 引导的特殊问句时。

例如：Who is the girl that is standing under the tree?Which is the machine that we used last Sunday?三、把握“介词＋关系代词”结构中介词的选用介词的选择与主句中先行词的搭配密切相关。

例如：That's the reason for which he was late for school.This is the book on which I spent 8 yuan.注意：1. 定语从句中谓语动词是含有介词的动词短语时，介词应放在动词之后，不能拆开放在关系代词前。