subordinate clauses while, but, whereas
1. The Topic Sentence
As
a writer, you should
1. allow readers to guess what’s coming and thus understand it more easily; 2. allow them to avoid reading the paragraph altogether if the subject matter holds no interest for them.
2. Patterns of Organization

the choronological description;
feature 2: verb tense sequencing; Originally we wanted to ...; More recently we have attempted to ...; Now we are trying to ... and in the future we shall try to ... .
Group Homework
Search
and present the definitions, features and examples of the following paragraph patterns. 1. cause-and-effect analysis; 2. comparison and contrast; 3. listing; 4. general-to-particular ordering of details.
2. Patterns of Organization

the choronological description; e.g.
Total U.S. R&D spending is projected to reach a current dollar level of $66.7 billion in 1981, an increase of 10% over the 1980 projected level and nearly double the amount spent on these activities in 1975. Even in constant dollars, and despite the reductions in R&D program contained in the Federal 1980 and 1981 budgets, U.S. R&D spending in 1981 is expected to follow the growth trend of the past five years,
2. Patterns of Organization

the choronological description;
feature 1: time adverbs and phrases; in 1995, last week, at 10:15, first, second, soon after the project began, ...
subordinate clauses since, because, due to, ... causative verbs cause, give rise to, affects, require, produce, ...
2. Patterns of Organization

the cause-and-effect analysis; e.g. When ozone reacts with nitric oxide, the ozone is destroyed and NO2 is formed.
2. Patterns of Organization

the choronological description;
when R&D funding grew at an average annual rate of better than 3%. That growth resulted in large part from increased emphasis on searching for means to resolv energe and environmental problems and a resurgence of defense R&D activity. Between 1975 and 1978, the last year for which survey data are availabe, energy accounted for one third of the R&D spending increase while, at the same time, amounting to 10% of the national R&D effort.
2. Patterns of Organization

the cause-and-effect analysis; This pattern is used when you 1. make a logical argument; 2. describe a process; 3. explain why something happened the way it did; 4. predict some future sequence of events.
2. Patterns of Organization
some
of the most commonly used patterns in
EST
1. choronological description; 2. cause-and-effect analysis; 3. comparison and contrast; 4. listing; 5. general-to-particular ordering of details.
1. The Topic Sentence
e.g.
... An average cell contains hundred of different kinds of protein, and all of the cells of the human body contain, among them, as many as 100,000 different kinds of proteins. These proteins can perform millions of different functions, a versality which is largely responsible for the phenomenon called “llife”.
ESP should be properly be seen not as any particular language product but as an approach to language teaching which is directed by specific and apparent reasons for learning. —— Hutchison & Waters
2. Patterns of Organization

the comparison and contrast;
connective words however, on the other hand, and phrases conversely, similarly, likewise, in/by contrast to/with, ... comparative constructions more/less/rather than, as...as,
2. The Taxonomy of ESP
3. The Development of ESP
Register Analysis Discourse Analysis
Skills and Strategies
Target Situation Analysis
1. The Development of ESP
4. Genre is ESP
4. Genre is ESP
Part II. Paragraphs Patterns
——re
1. The Topic Sentence
Readers
want to
1. know right away what the topic is; 2. have some idea of how this topic will be developed.
2. Patterns of Organization

the cause-and-effect analysis;
connective words and phrases
therefore, thus, consequently, accordingly, as a result, so, ...
Part I. Orientation of ESP
1. What is ESP
ESP
is a variation of English that is learnd/taught generally for a clearly utilitarian purpose.
It is unfair for English learners majoring in sciences to acquire English through classic literature works which is the traditional way of learning language. ESP, as part of LSP, is more suitable for them in that it offers them opportunities to learn what they need and spare what they need not. —— Steven. P