• Institute of Int’l Law (IIL), founded in 1873. It has adopted resolutions on such matters as int’l waterways, the high seas, the regime of merchant ships, submarine cables, marine resources, the territorial sea and internal waters, marine pollution and the creation of an Int’l Water Office.
• Attempts made by inter-governmental organizations
• The League of Nations. In 1924 the League of Nations appointed a Committee of Experts to draw up a list of subjects ripe for codification. Territorial waters, piracy, exploitation of marine resources and the legal status of State-owned merchant ships were among the subjects considered. And three topics – nationality, State responsibility and territorial waters were chose for codification. It is a pity that the conference held at the the Hague in 1930 did not succeed in adopting a convention on territorial waters.
中国空军航空兵赴南海常态化战斗巡航
• Two broad divisions
(i) Major maritime zones recognized in contemporary int’l law and the rules presently applicable to that zone;
(ii) Each of the main activities carried out in the sea
V. Attempts at Codification
• Attempts made by the four non-governmental societies
• Int’l Law Association (ILA), founded in 1873. ILA produced several reports and sets of resolutions, and held lengthy and detailed discussions on various topics such as territorial waters, marine pollution, the sea bed and its resources, int’l waterways, deep sea bed mining, piracy and port State jurisdiction.
• 2月19日，中方声明，菲方就所谓仲裁事致中方的照会及 所附通知在事实上和法律上存在许多严重错误，中方对菲 方照会及其所附通知不予接受，并将菲方照会及所附通知 退回。4月26日，外交部发言人华春莹在答记者问时表示， 中方不接受菲就南海问题所提仲裁，坚持按国际法的有关 规定和《南海各方行为宣言》的有关精神，通过双边谈判 解决领土和海洋划界争议。
• 此前，中方曾再次敦促菲方回到双边会谈桌前。驻菲大 使赵鉴华6日在官邸接受媒体采访时表示，中国一直对菲 律宾敞开协商的大门；并认为两国产生的摩擦是政治和 外交层面的事情，不应被定义为“军事争端”。 ←
菲南海仲裁案所谓最终裁决公布 中方强调不接受不承认
• 2016年7月12日，建立在菲律 宾共和Байду номын сангаас阿基诺三世政府非法 行为和诉求基础上的南海仲裁 案仲裁庭就涉及领土主权及海 洋划界等仲裁庭本无管辖权的 事项作出了非法无效的所谓最 终裁决。对此，中国政府多次 郑重声明，菲律宾单方面提起 仲裁违背国际法，仲裁庭对此 案没有管辖权。仲裁庭裁决是 非法无效的，中国不接受，不 承认……
(i) Int’l conventions
• Int’l conventions/treaties are the clearest expression of legal undertakings made by States, who, are generally allowed to modify by treaty rights and duties attaching to them under customary law. Int’l conventions are binding only upon the States Parties to them but become binding upon non-parties if the provisions pass into customary law.
Plus
(iii) Dispute settlement
II. Scope of this course
•
Part (i), (iii) and some of the main activities carried out in the maritime
. zones if possible
• Question: Give some examples of the stakes various States may have in the use of the Sea.
菲律宾单方将争端提交国际仲裁
• 2013年1月22日，菲律宾依据《联合国海洋法公约》 第287条和附件七请求组成仲裁法庭，强制裁决中菲 南海争议。
• 菲诉状主要包括三项仲裁请求：一是请求仲裁庭宣 布中国基于“九段线”的权利主张不符合《联合国 海洋法公约》规定；二是请求仲裁庭确定中国占领 的某些海上地物如美济礁、西门礁、南薰礁和渚碧 礁等岛礁的法律属性；三是请求仲裁庭确认菲律宾 能够行使和享有《联合国海洋法公约》中所确定的 其专属经济区和大陆架之内及以外的权利。请求的 实质都是在挑战我国在南海享有的主权和主权权利。
• Harvard Law School. That school prepared notable reports on territorial waters and piracy in the first part of the twentieth century.
• American Law Institute (ALI). Its restatement of the law includes a volume on the Foreign Relations Law of the US.
• 5月，国际海洋法法庭庭长柳井俊二任命了5名仲裁员。7 月11日，仲裁庭举行了首次会议。根据8月27 日发布的第 一号程序令，仲裁庭已经明确2014年3月30日为菲方提交 诉状的截止日。此前，仲裁庭已在8月1日收到了中方“不 接受菲单方提起的仲裁”、不参加仲裁的照会。
• 2014年3月30日，菲律宾外长德尔罗萨里奥称，菲方按 照中菲南海争议国际仲裁庭《程序规则》的规定，当日 向仲裁庭提交诉状，阐述了仲裁庭管辖权、菲律宾诉求 的可受理性以及争议的实体问题。
• 5月15日，仲裁庭在第二号程序令中确定 2014 年12 月 15 日为中国提交其回应菲诉状的辩诉状的日期。
• 常设仲裁法庭于2014 年5月21 日收到来自中国的照会， 重申其“不接受菲律宾提起的仲裁”的立场以及该照会 “不应被视为中国接受或参与了仲裁程序”。 6月4日， 外交部发言人洪磊在答记者问时重申，中方不接受、不 参与菲律宾提起的有关仲裁的立场没有改变。
• Clearly, the collection and analysis of Stat practice is a difficult task, compounded by the fact that States rarely feel it necessary to explain in legal terms why they act as they do.
• Discussion: Transformation between customary rules and conventional provisions.
(iii) General principles of law
• “General principles of law” is a rather vague category. Its presence in article 38 of the ICJ Statute permits the Court to fill in gaps in treaty and customary law by applying principles of law which are common to the major legal systems of the world and are suitable for transposition into the int’l legal system.
• There are many treaties, both multilateral and bilateral, dealing with various aspects of the LOS.
(ii) Customary int’l law
• Orthodox legal theory requires proof of two elements in order to establish the existence of a rule of customary int’l law: general and consistent practice adopted by the States, and opinio juris.