——Alexander F. Tytler
Essay on the Principles of Translation
The Criteria of EST Translation
❖ On the Criteria of EST translation, Liang Qichao （梁启超） proposed that “translating lies in profound knowledge of specialty” , that is to say, EST translation must take the correctness in scientific meanings as its first requirement. Besides good understanding of special knowledge, Liang also argued that smoothness in words, sentences and whole text is another demand for good EST translation, which can only be met by the complete understanding of the original text.
医学英语翻译与写作
Medical English Translation and writinal Introduction to Medical English Translation
A General Introduction
❖The Concept of Translation ❖The Criteria of Translation ❖The Process of Translation ❖The Importance of Medical Translation ❖The Qualifications for Medical English
Nothing can be accomplished without norms or standards
The Criteria of Translation
❖Yan fu (严复）：
·Faithfulness/ Accuracy ·Expressiveness/Smoothness ·Elegance/Popularity
❖ The style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original.
❖ The translation should have all the ease of original composition.
❖ Translation is both an art and a science.
Medical Translation in China
❖ Translation in China can be traced back about two thousand years ago. The earliest record of medical translation is that of introduction of ancient Indian medicine accompanied with Buddhist Scriptures in Eastern Han Dynasty, which was of worthy influence on Chinese traditional medicine. At the end of Qing Dynasty, foreign missionaries came into China and carried out their policy of mission through spreading of science. A host of books were translated under the cooperation between missionary doctors and Chinese doctors as well as other EST translators.
Today we still think highly of what Yan Fu said and follow the criteria.
The Criteria of Translation
❖ The translation should be a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.
—— Eugene Nida ( American translation theorist)
The Concept of Translation
❖ Translation is a kind of linguistic activity, which can express the ideas of the first language accurately and completely with the second language
Translators ❖Considerations on the History of
Western Medical Translation
The Concept of Translation
Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor/target language the closest natural equivalent of the source language, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.