植物遗传转化技术
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binary vector
• 包括mini-Ti质粒(T-DNA边界,缺失Vir区)和 helper Ti质粒(含有Vir区缺失T-DNA边界,相当 于co-integrated vector 的disarmed Ti质粒) mini-Ti质粒:pBin19,pCAMBIA系列 helper Ti质粒:EHA105,LBA4404(pAL4404)
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Co-integration plasmid
• 一元载体系统A plasmid based on pBR322 used to clone gene of interest
• A Ti-based vector: pGV3850 (LB, RB, most of T-DNA replaced by pBR322)
Left border
Right border
12-24 kbp
vir genes
Opine
ori
catabolism
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3. 创伤诱导分子
• 是一类可溶性的小分子酚类化合物 • 乙酰丁香酮(acetosyringone,AS)、羟
基乙酰丁香酮(acetosyringone,OH-AS) • A.t: recognition and chemotaxis (趋化性)
• Left and right border (LB\RB):TDNA左右两侧各有一段25bp的重复 序列,在T-DNA的整合中起重要作用
• Ori区(origin of replication):该区段 基因调控Ti质粒的自我复制,故称之 为复制起始区。
T-DNA region
Auxin Cytokinin Opine
• T-DNA和vir基因参与,T-DNA上的基因与 T-DNA的转移及整合有关,因为它不编码 T-DNA转移的产物。
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Transfer of T-DNA from Agrobacterium to plant cell
Agrobacterium wound
‘signal’
Plant cell
Nucleus
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二、转化载体Transformation vector
• Modified from Ti-plasmid • Ti质粒是约200~500kb的环状DNA分子,很
难用作DNA克隆载体进行操作。 • 根据Ti质粒的特点,现已构建成以下两套质
粒衍生的载体系统,广泛用作植物基因工 程中的载体 – 共整合载体Co-integration vector – 双载体Binary vector
• The former integrated into the latter
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2. 共整合载体
• 两个质粒,一个用作克隆外源基因,另一 个带有毒性基因。
• 与双元载体的主要区别是这两个质粒具有 一段同源序列,它们在根瘤土壤杆菌中经 过重组整合成一个载体,故称共整合载体。
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co-integrated vector的特点
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Elucidation of the TIP (tumor-inducing principle)
• It was recognized early that virulent strains could be cured of virulence, and that cured strains could regain virulence when exposed to virulent strains; suggested an extra-chromosomal element.
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But Nature’s Agrobacterium Has Problems
Infected tissues cannot be regenerated (via tissue culture) into new plants Why?
• Phytohormone balance incorrect regeneration Solution? Transferred DNA (T-DNA) modified by
• 包括两个质粒,一个是带有T-DNA的微型质粒 (双元Ti载体),一个是带有Vir区的辅助质粒。
• 将去除致瘤基因的T-DNA区从Ti质粒中分离,放 置在一个能在农杆菌和大肠杆菌中复制的穿梭质 粒中。这个穿梭载体称为双元Ti载体。vir区则存 在于一个已经除去T-DNA的Ti质粒中,在农杆菌 中作为辅助质粒,通过反式激活使T-DNA转移到 植物细胞基因组中。
• Large plasmids were found in A. tumefaciens and their presence correlated with virulence: called tumor-inducing or Ti plasmids.
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Structure of A. tumefaciens
• mini-Ti质粒可通过液氮速冻或电转化法转入含有 helper Ti质粒的农杆菌
- causes crown galls (tumors) on many dicots
- Infection occurs at wound sites
Infected Tobacco w/teratoma 7
Agrobacterium tumefaciens and crown galls
Gall on stem
toward AS • 高浓度AS可使农杆菌的vir活化及表达
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4. Vir (virulent) genes
• Transfer the T-DNA to plant cell • acetosyringone (AS) (a flavonoid) released by
wounded plant cells activates vir genes • 7 operons: virA,B,C,D,E,G, H (A-E are operons
with multiple ORFs), span about 30 kb of Ti plasmid, 24 genes, related to cutting and transfer of T-DNA
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How T-DNA is integrated into plant?
植物产生创伤信号分子
• Removing phytohormone genes • Retaining essential transfer sequences • Adding cloning site for gene of interest
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总结:Ti质粒特点
• Ti质粒具有5个主要功能区域:T-DNA、质粒转移 (plasmid transfer)、冠瘿碱代谢 (opine catabolism)、复制原点 (oir)和毒性区域 (vir)。
Single-stranded copy of T-DNA (protected by ssDNA binding protein)
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T-DNA into plant cells
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T-DNA integration implies
• Foreign genes can be transferred into plants if they were put in the region of TDNA
双因子调控体系
virA基因激活 virG基因激活
VirB2: provides energy VirD2/VirE2:有核靶毓,引导T-DNA进入植物基因组
virD1基因激活(松) virD2基因激活(T-链)
virE2基因激活
T-complex
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Tumor induction
• T-DNA transfer: T-DNA被加工切下、复制、 越过细菌膜及转移到植物细胞并整合植物 基因组的全过程。
• 由两个质粒(E.coli plasmid & Ti plasmid)重组 而成,分子量较大
• 共整合的形成频率与两个质粒的重组频率有关, 相对较低
• 必须用Southern 杂交或PCR对较大的共整合体质 粒进行检测
• 构建比较困难 • 中间表达载体通过结合转移法或三亲杂交转移法
导入农杆菌
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3. 双元载体系统
• 1907: 发现农杆菌是植物致瘤的起因 • 1974:发现农杆菌中有Ti或Ri质粒 • 1983:在Miami召开的“植物和动物分子遗传学”
冬季讨论会上,有三个报告:
– Van Montagu&Schell(比利时根特大学)、Fraley (Monsanto):将T-DNA上的致瘤基因以外源基因取 代,转化得到可育植株
• T-DNA中直接参与转移并整合到植物染色体上的 序列,仅是T-DNA两端与其他序列交界处的25bp 不完全直接重复 (imperfect direct repeat),右端 的这段序列称为右界,左端的序列称为左界。 TDNA内的致瘤细胞诱导根瘤细胞,由这类细胞不 能再生成植株。
• vir的毒性基因是T-DNA转移所必需的。
Gall on leaf
complex bacterium – genome has been sequenced; 4 chromosomes with ~ 5500 genes
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2. Why crown gall is formed ?
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Tumor characteristics
• hormone (auxin & cytokinin) levels altered, explains abnormal growth
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1. 卸甲载体Disarmed vector
• Ti-based plasmids lacking tumorigenic functions • T-DNA区域内的所有基因与转移无关,所以将致瘤基因全部