As time passed ,the art of the apothecary became combined with priestly functions , and among the early civilizations the priest-magician or priest-physician became the healer of the body as well as of the soul . Pharmacy and medicine are indistinguishable in their early history , since their practice was generally the function of the tribal religious leaders.随
着随着时间的推移,药剂师的制造工艺以及结合祭司的功能,以及早期文明的药剂魔法或魔术师成为身体以及灵魂的治疗。
制药和医学在早期历史上是没有区别的,因为他们的做法通常是部落宗教领袖的功能。
civilizations n. 文明indistinguishable adj. 不能区别的，不能辨别的；不易察觉的
Early Drugs 早期的药品
Due to the patience and intellect of the archeologist ,the types and
the specific drugs employed in the early history of drug therapy are not as
indefinable as one might suspect .Numerous ancient tables ,scrolls,and
other relics dating as far back as 3000 B.C.have been uncovered and
deciphered by archeologic scholars to the delight of historians of both
medicine and pharmacy ,for contained in these ancient documents are
specific associations with our common heritage.
由于考古学家的耐心和智慧,早期使用的类型和特定的药物药物治疗的历史不像人们所怀疑的那样不确定，无数古老的表、卷轴和其他文物约在公元前3000年被发现和被考古学家破译，令人高兴的是在这些远古的文献中的历史学家医学和制药包含特定的药物是我们的共同遗产。
Perhaps the most famous of these surviving memorials Papyrus
Ebers ,a continuous scroll some 60 feet long and a foot wide dating back
to the 16th century before Christ. This document ,which is now preserved
at the University of Leipzig , is named for the noted German Egyptologis,George Ebers, who discovered it in the tomb of a mummy and partly translated it during the last half of the nineteenth century . Since that time many scholars have participated in the translation of the document’s challenging hieroglyphics, and although they are not unanimous in their interpretations there is little doubt that by 1550 B.C .the Egyptians were using some drug formulas ,with more than 800 formulas or prescriptions being described and over 700 different drugs being mentioned .The drugs referred to are chiefly botanic ,although mineral and animal drugs are also noted.Such currently used botanic drugs as acacia , castor bean （from which we express castor oil ）, and fennel are mentioned along with apparent references to such minerals as iron oxide ,sodium carbonate ,sodium chloride ,and sulfur.Animal excrements were also employed in drug therapy.
也许这些幸存的最著名的纪念碑纸《莎草·埃伯斯》,连续滚动大约60英尺长,一英尺宽,可追溯到16世纪在基督。
在这个文档之前,目前保存在莱比锡大学由著名的德国埃及古物学者乔治·埃伯斯所命名的,有人发现了一具木乃伊的坟墓,部分在19世纪后半叶翻译出来。
从那时起,许多学者参与的翻译文档是富有挑战性的象形文字,尽管他们有争议，但是他们没有怀疑,人们都知道。
在公元前1550年,埃及人使用一些药物配方,有超过800种处方和制备方法和超过700种不同的药物被提及,相关的药品大多数是植物,虽然矿产和动物药物也被提及.当前使用的植物药物比如有阿拉伯树胶,蓖麻(就是我们表达的蓖麻油),和茴香另外提到的一些氧化铁等矿物质,比如碳酸钠、氯化钠、硫磺、动物的粪便也用于药物治疗。
The formulative vehicles of the day were beer ,wine ,milk ,and honey .Many the pharmaceutic formulas employed two dozen or more different medicine agents a type of preparation later referred to as a
“polypharmacal”, Mortars ,hand mills, sieves , and balances were commonly use by the Egyptians in their compounding of suppositories ,gargles ,pills ,inhalations,troches , lotions ointments ,plasters ,and enema
药物的配方常用啤酒、酒、牛奶、和蜂蜜。
许多制药处方使用2打或更多不同的药物的一种制备后称为“复方”、研钵、离粉机,筛子,和天平常常被埃及人用来做复合栓剂,肛门塞药,漱口药,药丸,吸入剂、洗液、软膏剂、橡皮膏剂、灌肠剂。