句子成分一、句子成分（一）句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。
句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分：主语和谓语(只要有谓语，就是句子)次要成分：表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语和插入语。
（二）主语：主语(Subject)表示句子说的是什么人或什么事.是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首（除特殊句式外）。
主语可由很多形式来表示。
例如：1.During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. （名词）2.We often speak English in class. （代词）3. Twenty have known the secret.（数词）4.To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）5.Smoking does harm to the health. （动名词）6.The rich should help the poor. （名词化的形容词）7.When we are going to have an English test has not been decided. （主语从句）8.It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）总结：主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。
（三）谓语谓语(Predicate) 说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。
动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。
谓语的构成如下：1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。
如：He practices running every morning.The plane took off at ten o’clock.2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词加动词原形构成。
如：You may keep the book for two weeks.（2）由助动词加动词原形,现在分词,过去分词构成。
如：Do you speak English？They are working in a field.He has caught a bad cold.Women workers are paid by an hour.（3）由系动词加表语构成。
如：We are students.注意：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。
（四）表语表语(Predicative)用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look,grow, turn, seem等）之后。
表语可由很多形式表示。
例如：1.Our teacher of English is an American.（名词）2.Is it yours?（代词）3.The weather has turned cold.（形容词）4.The speech is exciting.（分词）5.Three times seven is twenty one?（数词）6.His job is to teach English.（不定式）7.His hobby is playing football.（动名词）8.The meeting is of great importance.（介词短语）9.Time is up. The class is over.（副词）10.The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）总结：表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语及表语从句表示。
注意：系动词（Linking verb)用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。
1）状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如：He is a teacher.2）持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, remain, stay, lie, stand, （通常不用于进行时）例如：He always kept silent at meeting.3）表像系动词用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look, 例如：He seems (to be) very sad.4）感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如：This kind of cloth feels very soft.5）变化系动词表示主语变成什么样，主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.例如：The river was beginning to run dry.6）终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out, 表达"结果是;证明是"，之意，例如：The rumor proved false.His plan turned out a success.（五）宾语宾语（Object）表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。
例如：1.He is doing his homework.（名词）2.The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.（代词、动名词）3.How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（名词、数词）4.They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词，名词）5.He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语）6.I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语）7.I think（that）he is fit for his office.（宾语从名）8.Telephone makes it possibleto communicate with the distant relatives.9. He has made it clear that he won’t give up.it作形式宾语，to do 和从句作真正的宾语。
宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.To:write, tell, pass, give, send, promise, show, hand, read, tell, bring, throw等，例如：He sent the novel to William yesterday.For: leave, buy, build, choose, cook, draw, find, get, order, post, save等，例如：She bought a gift for her mother.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：They elected him their monitor.判断宾语类型We call him Xiaoming.复合宾语We give him a dog.双宾语We let him our monitor.复合宾语We teach him knowledge双宾语总结：在语法上宾语与宾补是逻辑上的主谓关系，在含义上宾补是对宾语进行补充说明，而双宾语没有这种关系和含义。
下列动词只能接不定式做宾语ask, agree, care, choose, demand, dare, decide, expect, fail, help, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish, desire等，如：He refused to lend me his bike.下列动词只能接动名词做宾语admit, avoid, advise, consider, enjoy, excuse, escape, finish, imagine, mind, practise, suggest等，如：John has admitted breaking the window .下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词做宾语，但意义不同，如mean, try, remember, forget, regret等。
forget to do表示“未发生的动作”，forget doing表示“已完成的动作”。
如：Don't forget to come here earlier tomorrow.(还没来)I forgot returning the book to him.(书已还给他了)Don’t forget to return the book to him.(书还没有还给他了)（六）宾语补足语宾语补足语（Object Complement）用于补充说明宾语的动作，一般位于宾语之后，宾语与宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。
1.His father named him Xiaoming.（名词）2.They painted their boat white.（形容词）3.Let the fresh air in.（副词）4.You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短语）5.We saw her entering the room.（现在分词）6.We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语）7.We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句）宾补一般可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。
（七）定语修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语(Attribute)。
定语可由以下等成分表示：1.Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）2.China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词）3.There are thirty women teachers in our school.（名词，介词短语）4.His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词，介词短语）5.Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）6.The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词，介词短语）7.He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语）8.She is the girl who sings best in my class.(定语从句)（八）状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语（Adverbial）。