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lecture 5.文化与翻译


成语中的文化
突出表现为概念相似(denotation)、语用意义

(connotation)不同 1.打草惊蛇----to beat about the bush 打草惊蛇: to alert the enemy by rush or accidental events before carrying out the planned attack; to beat about the bush: to approach a subject without coming to the point, try to say something indirectly(旁敲侧击). 2. 翻天覆地----to move heaven and earth 翻天覆地:epoch-making, earth-shaking To move heaven and earth: to do one’s utmost (千方百计)
第三节 文化与翻译
词义相符(semantic correspondence):指称
意义和蕴涵意义相符; 词义相异(semantic non-correspondence): 指称意义相符但蕴涵意义相异,或者指指 称意义与蕴涵意义均相异; 词义空缺(semantic zero):汉语词语的指称 意义或蕴涵意义在英语中不存在,造成零 指称意义或零蕴涵意义。

一见面是寒暄,寒暄之后说我“胖了”,说我“胖了”之后



即大骂新党。(《祝福》)(greeting/polite remarkes; revolutionaries) When we met, after exchanging a few polite remarks he said I was fatter, and after saying that immediately started a violent attack on the revolutionaries. After exchanging a few polite remarks when we met, he observed that I looked “fat”, and having made that complimentary remark he launched a violent attack on the revolutionaries. 毛主席问陈妻:“你们俩感情好不好?”,陈妻答:“好。” 主席听了感到非常高兴。(长辈或上级的关心) Then Chairman Mao talked with Chen’s wife. He was pleased to know that they had a happy home life. (翻译时化直接为间接,化具体为模糊)
有些词语既有指称意义,也有蕴涵
意义。汉语和英语的指称意义和蕴 涵意义均相同。
1. 他是只狡猾的狐狸。 He is an old fox. 2. 那本书的作者似乎没有自己的观点, 书中都是人云亦云、鹦鹉学舌的东西。 That book, whose author doesn't seem to have his won viewpoints, is full of parrot-learned knowledge.
汉英文化比较
外国语学院:胡朋志
第一节
文化和语言的关系
文化的定义:共有近三百多种定义,不同角
度 涵盖面最广、最精确的是Edward Tylor 1871 年在《原始文化》一书中提出的:“所谓文 化和文明乃是包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、 法律、习俗以及包括作为社会成员的个人而 获得的其他任何能力、习惯在内的一种综合 体。” “That complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.”
翻译以下各词
1. to show one’s face, to
1. 露面 2. 丢脸 3. 碰壁 4.好心 5.祸不单行 6.趁热打铁 7.混水摸鱼 8.一只耳朵进, 一只耳朵出




show up 2. to lose face 3. run one’s head against a wall 4.kind-hearted 5.misfortunes never come singly/alone 6.srike while the iron is hot 7.to fish in troubled waters 8.to go in at one ear and out at the other
1词义相符
有些词语在没有特指语境的情况下,
只具备指称意义。
山(mountain)、水(water)、湖泊(lake)、森 林(forest)、阳光(sunshine)、沙漠(desert)、苹 果(apple)、蔬菜(vegetable)、医生(doctor)、 学校(school)、工厂(factory)、教师(teacher)、 历史博物馆(history museum)、历史遗产 (historical heritage)、温室效应(green-house effect)、环境保护(environment protection)等。
中国人注重伦理(ethics),英美人注重认知
(cognition)。 中国人重整体(integrity)、偏重综合性(synthetic)思 维,英美人重个体(individuality)、偏重分析性 (analytic)思维。 中国人重直觉(intuition),英美人重实证(evidence)。 中国人重形象思维(figurative thinking),英美人重逻 辑思维(logical thinking)。
语用中的文化
老李(to show one’s respect)----old Li
(unpleasant ): 老字在汉语文化中具独特的文化语用含义, 与年龄没有必然联系 不敢当----thank you: 自谦中汉语文化中是一种美德,与实际状况 无关
中英思维方式对比
(refer to the textbook: P25-32)
“顺向思维” 与 “逆向思维”
您(先)请!
After you.
可是我们已说到故事的后面去了。
But we are getting ahead of the story. 前事不忘,后事之师。 Past experiences, if not forgotten, is a guide

(immature/inexperienced) 白(反动、丧事)------white (pure/honorable) 黄(皇帝、色情)---yellow (cowardly/envious)
语法中的文化
1. 英语中被动语态与非人称主语句的大量使
用 2. 汉英句式结构上的差异。 3. 汉英语句序的差异,尤其表现为修饰语 (定语、状语)位置的差异
Religious Culture 宗教文化
Linguistic Culture 语言文化
语言和文化密不可分
语言是文化的一部分(part of culture),文化
又无时无刻影响着语言 语言是文化的载体(vehicle ),又是文化的写 照(reflection) 语言文字当中,处处都打有文化的烙印 (language bear a marked brand of culture), 语言活动过程中,时时可觅见文化的踪迹be viewed with trails of culture)
2 词义相异
胸有成竹: to have fully-grown bamboo in his bosom To have a well-thought-out plan in his mind 一肚皮的酒,几乎全化成酸醋(《围城》)(vinegar) The wine in his stomach turned into sour vinegar. The considerable amount of wine he had consumed earlier was burning inside and made him sick with jealousy. 心较比干多一窍,病如西子胜三分 She had more chambers in her heart than the martyred Bi Gan; and suffered a tithe more pain in it than the beautiful Xi Shi. She looked more sensitive than Pikan, more delicate than His Shih.
文化语言学的分类法
物质文化(material culture)
制度文化(institutional culture)
精神文化( mental culture):心理文
化和观念文化
奈达的分类
Ecology 生态文化
Material Culture 物质文化
Social Culture 社会文化
《东西方文明之根本差异》(李大钊)
“东西方文明有根本不同之点,即东洋文化主静,西
方文明主动是也。……一为自然的,一为人为的; 一为安息的,一为战争的;一为消极的,一为积极 的;一为依赖的,一为独立的;一为苟安的,一为 实进的;一为因袭的,一为创造的;一为保守的, 一为进步的;一为直觉的,一为理智的;一为空想 的,一为体验的;一为艺术的,一为科学的;一为 精神的,一为物质的;一为灵的,一为肉的;一为 向天的,一为立地的;一为自然支配的,一为人间 征服自然……”
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