定语从句精讲精练(一)关系代词的选用1.首先找准先行词,并弄清先行词是人还是物。
2.必须弄清先行词在从句中所作的成分,这是选择关系代词的关键。
⑴先行词指人,并在从句中作主语、宾语,关系代词用who/that; as;⑵先行词指物,并在从句中作主语、宾语,关系代词用that/which/as;⑶先行词指人、指物、并在从句中作表语,关系代词用that/as/who/which;⑷先行词指句子,并在从句中作主语、宾语、表语,关系代词用which,as;⑸先行词是“时间名词”,如在从句中作主语、宾语,关系代词用which/that/as; 作状语,用when;⑹先行词是“地点名词”,如在从句中作主语、宾语,关系代词用which/that/as; 作状语,用where;⑺先行词是reason ,如在从句中作主语、宾语,关系代词用which/that/as; 作状语,用why;⑻先行词指人、物,并在从句中作定语,用whose,指物时,可与 the+名词+of which互换;⑼先行词是way,manner等词,关系代词用that,in which,亦可省略;⑽关系代词前有介词时,关系代词用which(指物),who(指人)。
3.选择关系代词时应注意的几点:⑴that 不能放在介词之后作宾语, which,who则可以,如介词在句子后面时,也可用that,也可省略。
This is the room in which we lived last year.=This is the room we lived in last year.这是我们去年住过的房间。
⑵that不能引导非限定性定语从句,其它关系词可以,引导非限定性定语从句的关系代词不可省略。
We walked down the village street,where they were having market day.我们沿着村子的大街走去,村民们正在那里赶集。
⑶as 引导定语从句,主句中的先行词常被such,the same或 so 修饰。
the same...as 指“相类似的人(物)”,而 the same... that 指“同一人(物)。
We will give you such information as will help you in your work.我们将向你们提供有助于你们工作的资料。
This is the same bag as I lost yesterday.这个包和我昨天丢失的那个一样。
(相似性)This is the same bag that I lost yesterday.这是我昨天丢失的那个包。
4.that,which,who 关系代词的用法区别⑴当先行词包含有指人和指物的名词及其短语时,只能用that,不能用who。
如:The heroes and their deeds that he describes in his novels are familiar to us.他在小说里描写的主人公和他们的事绩是我们所熟悉的。
⑵当先行词被any,every,only,very,all,no等修饰时,通常用 that,一般不用 who或 which。
如:He is the only one here that knows English.他是这儿唯一懂英语的人。
There is no difficulty that we can t overcome.没有我们克服不了的困难。
⑶当先行词是序数词或最高级形容词或被这些词修饰时,用 that,一般不用which,指人可以用who。
The first text that we are to learn is very difficult.我们要学的第一篇课文很难。
This is the best movie that I have seen this year.这是今年我看过的最好的一部电影。
⑷先行词是指物的不定代词all,little,few,much,none时,通常用that,一般不用which。
All that glitters is not gold.闪光的不都是金子。
There is still much that can be done about it.关于这件事还有很多工作要做。
⑸当先行词是指人的不定代词 one 或those和 all 时,通常用who不用that。
Nothing is difficult for one who sets his mind to it.世上无难事,只怕有心人。
⑹当先行词是复合不定代词anything,everything,nothing时,通常用that,something后可以用which。
Have you got everything that you need? 你需要的所有东西都有了吗?⑺当先行词是复合不定代词 everybody,somebody,anyone,no one 通常用who,whom,一般不用that。
Let's go to somebody who was present at the meeting.我们去找出席会议的人。
⑻当先行词是疑问代词who,which时,通常不能再用who/which,而用that。
Who that have worked with him do not like him. 和他一起工作的人谁也不喜欢他。
5.as和which引导的非限制性定语从句⑴as和which引导的非限制性定语从句中作主语代表前面整个句子。
He married her,as/which was natural.他和她结婚是自然而然的事。
⑵as和which 引导非限制性定语从句时,间或的也可以代表前面主句中的补语部分。
He seemed a foreigner,as/which in fact he was.他好像是一个外国人,事实上他就是。
He was not sick,as/which some of the other passengers were.他没有病,倒是其他一些旅客病了。
⑶as 引导的非限制性定语从句可以前置,而which引导的非限制性定语从句不可前置。
A big earthquake happened in the west part of Japan last night,as/which was reported on TV.=As was reported on TV,a big earthquake happened in the west part of Japan last night.据电视报道,昨天夜里日本西部地区,发生了大地震。
⑷当从句的谓语是否定形式,或从句谓语带有复合宾语时,用which而不用as。
The ships were frozen in,which not frequently happens in those regions.在那一带水域轮船被冰冻住的事并不经常发生。
He admires everyone in the class,which I find quite strange.他羡慕班上的每个人,这我认为太奇怪了。
6.限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句⑴限制性定语从句修饰先行词,若省去,则意义不完整,影响表达,常含有先行词所表达意义中的一部分。
非限制性定语从句修饰先行词,可省去,意义不受影响。
常含有对先行词解释的意味。
He has a sister,who teaches English in a middle school.他有一个妹妹在中学教英语。
(只此一个妹妹)He has a sister who teaches English in a middle school.他有一个在中学教英语的妹妹。
(还有其它姊妹)⑵限制性定语从句修饰先行词,而非限制性定语从句修饰整个句子。
He wears a red shirt,which makes him like a girl.他穿了件红衬衣,使他像女孩。
(说明全句)He wears a red shirt which makes him like a girl.他穿了件使他与女孩相像的红衬衣。
(修饰名词)⑶如先行词是专有名词,只能是非限制性定语从句。
Abraham Lincoln,who led the USA through these years,was shot at a theatre in Washington D.C..领导美国渡过了这些年的亚伯拉罕·林肯在华盛顿特区的一家剧院被枪杀。
7.介词加关系代词中介词的选用⑴根据先行词的习惯搭配。
如:I was surprised at the way in which he treated the old man.他对待老人的方式使我吃惊。
It was the school at which we got to know each other.我们是在学校相识的。
⑵根据从句中谓语动词的固定搭配。
This is the teacher from whom we ve learnt a lot.这就是我们从他那里学到很多东西的那位老师。
The policeman with whom Mr.Henry is talking in the office is a friend of mine.正在办公室里与亨利先生谈话的那位警察是我的一位朋友。
⑶根据句子的意义。
My glasses,without which I was like a blind man,fell to the ground and broke.我的眼镜掉在地上摔坏了,没有它,我就像个瞎子。
There is a tall tree outside,under which stands our teacher.外面有棵大树,我们老师就站在下面。
8.使用定语从句应注意的问题⑴关系代词在从句中作主语时,从句的谓语动词应根据先行词来决定。
The students who are in Grade Three are going to climb the hill tomorrow.三年级学生明天去爬山。
⑵定语从句有时不直接放在先行词之后,而是在中间插入一个定语、状语或谓语。
There is an expression in his eyes that I cannot understand.在他的眼睛中有一种我不明白的神情。
The days are gone forever when the Chinese people were looked down upon.中国人民被人轻视的日子一去不复返了。