论五言诗的起源———从“诗言志”、“诗缘情”的差异说起戴伟华“诗言志”是阅读理论的总结,核心为赋诗以言志,其“诗”指《诗经》;“诗缘情”是创作理论的总结,其“诗”指诗体之诗,“诗言志”和“诗缘情”中的“诗”的内涵并不相同。
诗歌的发展经历了《诗》———歌诗———诗三个阶段,“诗缘情”理论的提出和五言诗体写作兴盛同步,并且是针对五言诗的。
五言诗发育不是传统的字句演进的过程,而是文人观念的自我突破。
五言诗初始阶段作者疑伪或佚名,五言诗以杂诗为名,都是五言诗不入正体的表现。
关键词 诗言志 诗缘情 歌诗 杂诗 五言诗作者戴伟华,1958年生,华南师范大学中文系教授(广州 510631)。
“诗言志”和“诗缘情”是中国文学史和中国文论史上的重要命题,二者的内涵及其因时代不同而产生的内涵演变关系颇为学术界重视,有关“诗言志”之“志”和“诗缘情”之“情”的讨论极大地丰富了人们对诗歌本质的认识。
但是,至今仍然有一个重要问题被悬置而未为人们充分注意并予以探讨,这就是“诗言志”、“诗缘情”两个概念中的“诗”。
其实,“诗言志”之“诗”与“诗缘情”之“诗”因提出的背景不同,其内涵是不同的。
明确二“诗”所面临的不同的历史背景和不同的阐释对象,有助于深化传统诗学的研究。
先秦诗论中,“诗言志”基本上是指导阅读诗歌的理论,包含阅读功能和阅读形式两大主要方面,并形成了赋“诗”以言“志”的传统;而在魏晋诗论中,“诗赋欲丽”、“诗缘情而绮靡”是指导诗歌创作的理论。
因此,我们在讨论言志与言情之间“志”与“情”的分合和转换时,也应该将学术界对于二者关系的内容差异分析转换为对于二者体和用的分合和转换的阐释。
从文化发生学角度来思考诗学理论和诗歌形式时,一些问题是不好轻易绕开的:先秦两汉的诗学理论是围绕什么样的诗歌内涵展开的?先秦两汉的“诗言志”和魏晋的“诗缘情”如何由不同的价值指向和内涵规定而巧妙地合二为一,为新诗的发展铺平道路?缘此,我们又会发问:中国成熟的诗歌诞生早在西周初年,为何文人五言诗的成熟要到东汉末年?本文试图论述相关的两大问题:“诗言志”之“诗”非“诗缘情”之“诗”,五言诗形成迟缓的原因以及五言诗的产生过程。
一、“诗言志”与《诗》《尚书・尧典》中的一段话历来被视为诗歌批评的经典之言,其云:“帝曰:夔!命汝典乐,教胄子。
直而温,宽而栗,刚而无虐,简而无傲。
诗言志,歌永言,声依永,律和声。
八音克・・415・551・论五言诗的起源・651・中国社会科学 2005年第6期・751・论五言诗的起源・851・中国社会科学 2005年第6期・951・论五言诗的起源・061・中国社会科学 2005年第6期・161・论五言诗的起源・261・中国社会科学 2005年第6期・361・论五言诗的起源rising cost s f rom t he perspectives of demand and supply.Based on t hree National Healt h Services Surveys(1993,1998,2003),t he aut hor empirically examines t he degree of inequality in healt hcare financing and delivery in urban China.The article concludes t hat t he market2oriented healt h reform in urban China has exacerbated t he cost problem t hat it intended to solve,reduced access to healt h services for t he mo st vulnerable,and increased t he instances of illness2induced poverty.To solve t he problem,t he government should reorient it s policies and increase it s extractive capacity,so as to play a more important role in restoring an equal and accessible basic healt hcare system t hat covers all resident s.(10)E conomic Institutional R eform and the T ransform ation of Village Public Authorities:A C aseStudy of a Village in the Southern Jiangsu Province S on g J i ng Yang S hanhua・129・Sociological researchers on rural reform in contemporary China are t rained to explore t he social implicatio n of t ransitional economies via distinct mechanisms across areas and t hrough time.Drawing on data from a sout hern Jiangsu village,t his paper attempt s to examine t he boundaries,arrangement s and sp heres of village p ublic aut horities since t he mid and late1990s. As t he collective indust ries and TV Es have been undergoing a p rivatizing process,t he collective2 based village p ublic aut horities have experienced a t ransformation t hat feat ures decent ralization of power,elite division and cont raction of responsibility.Not only t he peculiarities unique to t he rural economic st ruct ure and t he p rivatizing reform,but also t he administrative instit utions,such as t he recruit ment and p romotion of cadres,help to shape and diversify t he new local aut hority system and st rategy.Cont rasting t he historical experience of socialist rest ruct uring wit h t he market2oriented transformation of recent years,t he village p ublic aut hority offers an example t hat provides a comparative f ramework wit h regard to economic develop ment and social change.(11)R aison dπ−tre and Modernity of the Old Style Shi and Ci Poetry in the20th Century ChinaChen Youkan g・143・The raison dπêt re of t he old style s hi and ci poet ry has long been questioned,rejected and suspended in20th cent ury China,so much so t hat t he style has been excluded from literary st udies and literary history.A part of literary intellect ual resources t hus lay unused.Some researchers question and reject t he raison dπêt re of t he old style s hi and ci poems;some failed to see t he f unction and exp ression of t his t raditional genre in modern society.To change such a sit uation, we must understand t he reaso nable nat ure of t he old style s hi and ci poems in t he first place.It is also necessary to redefine t he domain of“modern literat ure,”to integrate20th cent ury Chinese poet ry under t he head of“modern poet ry in Chinese”so as to eradicate t he confrontation and opposition of t he old and t he new styles.The old style poems composed in t he20th cent ury showed a p rominent tendency towards modernity and hence stood on it s own feet as a new t radition.In t he new cent ury,t he dichotomy of t he new and t he old style poems should be broken,and t he old style poems should be st udied as cult ural p roduct s of t he Chinese nation created in t he new historical period.That will p romote not only t he develop ment of t he writing of old style poet ry,but also t hat of literat ure and t he view of cult ure.(12)Some R emarks on the Origination of the Five2Character Poems:Starting from the Distinctionbet w een“Poetry as Expression of Ambitions”and“Poetry Arising from Emotions”D ai W ei hua・154・ABSTRACTS“Poet ry as expression of ambitio n”as a statement f rom t he perspective of reading focuses on poet ry writing as a way of conveying ambitions.The“poet ry”here refers specifically to S hi J i ng(t he Book of Odes).“Poet ry arising from emotions”is a summary of poet ry writing t heory.The“poet ry”refers to poetry as a literary genre.The word carries different connotatio ns in t hese two p hrases.In t he t hree develop mental stages f rom t he B ook of O des via songs to poetry as a literary genre,t he t heory of“poet ry arising f rom emotions”accompanied, and was based o n t he flourishing of five2character poems.The formation of t he five2character poems was a result more of t he new ideas of t he literati t han of a nat ural develop ment of written language.The fact t hat t he early writers of five2character poems were often of doubtf ul identity or anonymous and t hat five2character poems were often entitled“za shi(miscellanies)”serves as p roof of t heir informal stat us.(13)A Discussion of the Concept of“Feng J ia ng”Hou J i anx i n・173・“Feng j i an”(封建)has been generally and wrongly taken as a Chinese counterpart of “feudal”and“feudalism”in Western languages.The early sinologist s and Chinese scholars (including Yan Fu)did not make such a t ranslation.Yan Fu t ransliterated“feudalism”in his early t ranslations.It was not until t he20th cent ury when classical Western evolutionism found it s way into China,“feudalism”was reduced to an abst ract concept,and t he Western European model was generalized as a f ramework to understand China and t he world,t hat Yan Fu first equated“feudalism”wit h“f eng j i an,”and China was believed to have experienced a“feudal society”in t he same sense as Europe.In t his paper,t he aut hor demonstrates t hrough analysis of academic history,particularly empirical and t heoretical analysis,t hat feudalism as a product of t he historical develop ment of Western Europe existed only in Europe,t hat“f en g j i an”was t he system in p re2Qin China,t he only system to which t he word“f eng j i an”can be st rictly applied, and t hat what lasted f rom t he Qin all t he way t hrough t he Qing dynasty in China was a system of t he dictatorship of imperial power.The t hree concept s differ and are independent f rom each ot her.The medieval period in t he West and t hat in China are different social forms in p re2modern times,and t he same label should not be attached to t hem.(14)Civil La w Norms in Local Societies during the Ming and Q ing:A Discussion Centered roundL a ke Cases Compiled by the H uang Clan at Diaocha,H anchuan,H ubei ProvinceZhang X i aoye・189・In t he Ming and Qing dynasties,large areas of water in Diaocha Lake in Hanchuan,Hubei Province belonged to t he Huangs,who were involved in lawsuit s against t he nearby families for t he property right of t he waters for a long time.They collected t he document s,records and cont ract s of t hese lawsuit s in t heir family records,under t he title of L ake Cases.A reading of t hese materials merely f rom t he perspective of instit utions will obscure t he rich corp us of empirical fact s,alt hough it may provide some clues to t he normative content s of civil law. However,if p ut in a larger context of local social develop ment and analyzed at t he level of p ractice,it may reveal t he complicated and close relationship between t he realization of right s and clan building,and between legal justice and spontaneous order.The interaction between t he nat ural environment,p roduction mode,basic social st ruct ure and state instit utions shaped t he specific forms of civil law norms in local societies.。