2013年哈尔滨海天考研英语阅读长难句专项突破第一部分:本课程基本情况介绍1、授课时间:1天(大约6小时左右)2、授课目的:透析长难句的必考点,提升解题能力,最终取得更好的分数3、授课特点:1)速度快,笔记多,直击考点,链接考点,扩展内容超多,提高应试综合能力2)以长难句为基础和核心,串联相关题型必考点(integration teaching)3)一定要从理论———实践——————理论归纳总结,反复认识,反复实践,这样才能把必考点,核心考点真正学会,单学理论或单学实践都是偏激的,不可取的,两条腿并行,我们一起加油,通过一天的时间,把核心的长难句考点攻破。
4)讲解与练习相结合,必须讲求效率,而不能一味的图快,要做到扎实的基本功。
第二部分:考研英语长难句五大难点与必考点*考点1:同位语从句:第一个问题:什么叫做同位语从句?(同位语从句是名词性从句的一种,常常置于fact, news , idea , assumption , belief , theory , possibility , conclusion , suggestion , promise等名词后面,一般用that来引导,但that在整个从句中不做任何成分,但是绝对不能省略。
同位语从句的主要作用就是对名词或代词进行进一步的解释,说明,同样属于重点概念。
第二个问题:具体表现形式第一种:名词+ that + 陈述句(这是同位语从句的基本表现形式)第二种:名词+其他成分+that +陈述句(这是稍微复杂一点的同位语从句):具体来说,就是同位语从句很可能与其修饰的名词或其他成分隔开,这种被分割开来的情形在考研阅读和翻译文章中非常常见,遇到的时候一定要认真分析,以便正确理解句子的意思,这往往也会对大家的解题与理解构成非常大的障碍。
例1:Generally , there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a common set of laws.【结构分析】本句的主干是there was a belief ,其后that引导的是一个同位语从句,说明前面的名词belief的具体内容。
在同位语从句中,主语和谓语是the new nations should be,其后的形容词large enough to be和integrated by是做状语,对前面从句内容进行补充说明。
【核心词汇】sovereign 有主权的,君主的;viable 能养活的,可行的,能生育的;integrate 使一体化;cultural integration 文化融合;a set of 一套;【参考译文】总的来说,人们认为新的国家应该是独立有主权的国家,这些国家应该足够大到经济上能运转,而且有一套共同的法律使之成为一体。
例2:Behaviorists , in contrast , say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that Whites enjoy.【结构分析】in contrast 是插入结构,把句子的主谓分开了,可能会造成理解的难点,动词say后面的that引导的是宾语从句,the fact后面的that引导的是同位语从句,而advantages后面that引导的是个定语从句。
【核心词汇】in contrast 相反,相比之下;score 分数,二十;be due to 是因为(be due to do sth即将做某事);deprive sb of 剥夺某人,,,;Whites 白人;blacks 黑人;enjoy 享有,拥有;(China enjoys a wealth of natural resources )【参考译文】相反,行为主义者认为,分数的差异是由于这一事实,即黑人往往被剥夺了白人在教育及其他环境方面所享有的许多有利条件。
例3:A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears.【结构分析】a century ago 是时间状语;that从句是做同位语,来补充说明先行词theory;【核心词汇】formulate 规划,阐释;阐述;revolutionary theory 革命性的理论(revolutionize 动词,革命性变革,the advent of Internet has revolutionized every aspect of our daily life)disguise 动词,伪装;shadow 影子(反映,翻译常考点,通过具体语境来翻译);unconscious 不意识的;consciousness 名词,意识(同义替换awareness,写作高分词汇,promote the awareness of sth 提高某某的意识);【参考译文】一个世纪之前,弗洛伊德阐述了他具有革命性的理论,即梦是对我们内心深处不曾意识到的欲望与恐惧的伪装的反映。
例4:such behavior is regarded as " all too human" with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance .【结构分析】本句的主干是such behavior is regarded as " all too human" ,with是介词短语作伴随状语,对such behavior起到补充说明作用,that是同位语从句修饰assumption ,对其进行具体的说明。
【核心词汇】be regarded as 被认为;underlying 潜在的,根本的;assumption 假设;be capable of 有。
能力;sense of grievance 愤恨感;【参考译文】这样的行为被认为是“人之常情(人类所特有的)”,其潜在的根本的假设是其他动物不可能具有这种高度发达的愤恨感。
例5:concerns were raised that witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to ensure guilty verdicts.【结构分析】本句是一个被动句,主语是concerns,谓语是were raised ,但引导词that 是做前面名词的一个同位语从句,如果把that从句提前到concerns的后面会造成头重脚轻,所以把他移到了动词的后面,因此造成了这种分割现象。
【核心词汇】raise concerns 引发关注;(可以用在作文中);witness 名词,证人;动词,作证;exaggerate 动词,夸大;it is no exaggeration that ....毫不夸张的说(考研重点写作句型);in court 在法庭;guilty verdicts 有罪判决;【参考译文】人们日益担心,证人可能会因此受到鼓励,在法庭上夸大事实以保证做出有罪判决。
补充内容:that在引导定语从句与同位语从句的区别,如何辨认?That引导的定语从句和同位语从句结构非常相似,非常容易混淆,都是用在一个名词的后边。
但两者有本质的区别:1)在同位语从句中,that 不充当任何从句中的成分,换句话说,从句中的成分是完整的陈述句子,不缺少任何成分2)在定语从句中,that一定要充当句子的成分,如做主语,宾语或者表语,所以that后面肯定是不完整的陈述句,这是判断的唯一标准。
例:the fact that we talked about is very important ( that做about的宾语,所以是定语从句)The fact that he succeeded in the experiment pleased everybody (that不充当任何成分,是同位语从句)*考点2:后置定语与定语后置后置定语是指在名词后面有修饰的定语成分,而定语后置表示中心名词与其后置定语被其他成分隔开,一定要注意识别。
例1:as a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership.【结构分析】aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership.是修饰journals 【翻译】这样发展的必然结果是出现针对专业读者和业余读者的不同杂志例2:Just as on smoking, voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it's OK to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure.【结构分析】insisting that ...that 修饰名词voices 做后置定语,但出现了分割情况。
【参考译文】正如在对抽烟问题上的看法一样,来自很多地方的声音坚持强调关于全球变暖的科学证据不足,认为在还没有确切证据之前,我们可以把烟尘排放到空气中。
例3:But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.例4:For example, with small classes, teachers can identify and remedy incipient problemsamong students at risk for low achievement.【翻译】例如,在小班上课,对于那些学习成绩不好的同学,老师能够及时发现并给予补救。