After completing a commercial transaction, logistics will execute the transfer of goods from the supplier (seller) to the customer (buyer) in the most cost-effective manner. This is the definition of logistics. During the transfer process, hardware such as logistics facilities and equipment (logistics carriers) are needed, as well as information control and standardization. In addition, supports from the government and logistics association should be in place.Three major functions of logistics1. Creating time value: same goods can be valued differently at different times. Goods often stopduring the transfer process, which is professionally called the storage of logistics. It creates the time value for goods.2. Creating location value: same goods can be valued differently at different locations. The valueadded during the transfer process is the location value of logistics.3. Distribution processing Value: sometime logistics create distribution processing value, whichchanges the length, thickness and packages of the goods. Like popular saying, “ cutting into smaller parts “ is the most commoseen distribution processing form. Most processing within logistics create added value for goods.1. What is the meaning“cost-effective”? ( B )A. Cost reducedB. EconomicallyC. Cost evaluateD. To add cost2. (D ) creates time valueA. TransportationB. Good flowC. Different locationD. Storage3. What is the same meaning of location value? ( B )A. Different valueB. Different value of same goods at the different placesC. Different goodD. Different value of different goods at the same place4. What is the distribution processing value? (D)A. DistributionB. ProcessingC. Sales and processingD. Changing the length, thickness and the package of the goods5. The distribution process value is available in all logistics activities. Is it correct or not? ( C )A. BothB. YesC. NotD. Not clear(二)An increasing number of companies are involving in international markets through exporting, licensing, joint ventures, and ownership. This trend should continue. With such expansion there is a need to develop worldwide logistics n etworks. In tegrated logistics man ageme nt and cost an alysis will be more complex and difficult to man age.There are some future trends in intern ati on alizati on:1. More logistics executives with international responsibilities.2. Expa nsion of the nu mber and size of foreig n trade zon es.3. Reducti on in the amount of intern ati onal paperwork and docume ntati on.4. More foreig n warehous ing is owned and con trolled by the export ing firm.5. In creas ing nu mber of smaller firms.6. Foreign ownership of logistics service firms, e.g., public warehousing and tran sportati oncarriers.7. Increasing multiple distribution channels.The intern ati on al tran sport and the intern ati on al logistics are same thi ngs in some way. So, when the international trading involved, the firm must establish intern ati onal logistics systems to provide the products and services dema nded. The most sig nifica nt developme nt in intern ati on al logistics will be the in creas ing sophistication information system adopted and independent departments to operate.1. What is the subject of the paragraph? ( C )A. The intern atio nal tradeB. The intern atio nal tran sportC. The intern ati on al logisticsD. Intern ati onal economy2. What is the same meaning of fnter nati on alizati on”？( B )A. Nati on alizati onB. Globalizati onC. In tegrati onD. Stan dardizati on3. What is the meaning of trend? ( A )A. Gen eral direct ionB. Develop ing roadC. WayD. Path4. The intern atio nal tran sport and the intern ati on al logistics are same. Is it correct orn ot? ( D )A. Not men ti on in the paragraphB. Not clearC. WrongD. Right5. The international trade needs the ( B ) to fulfill its transaction.A. TrucksB. LogisticsC. ShipsD. AircraftsThe characters of modern logistics are huge quantity, quick response and globalizati on. In order to meet the n eeds, in formatio n tech no logy has become the brain to con trol them.Bar code, POS, EDI, GPS and internet are the main choices for the operation of logistics. Bar code system can get the goods information fast and exactly. By the data process ing un it, POS system can check the inven tory of warehouse at any time. When the super cen ter adopts POS system, it can check the sales record, inven tory eve n cash flow easily. EDI is a magic tool that can translate your documents into electronic data, sent it to your partner in any location by cable. In this way, we don 'need to make deal face-to-face. revise the documents, declare to customs before the shipments arrived, and more. Now, EDI is the most essential information tool for international trade and logistics. All of information tools are based on internet. In today ' s society, the orga ns of commercial and gover nment, schools, eve n in dividual can make E-commerce with intern et. So, I nternet is the greatest revoluti on to in flue nce the mankind.1. In formati on tech no logy can help the operati on of the logistics, but can't cha ngeits future.Is it correct or not? ( B )A. CorrectB. WrongC. In limited wayD. The role is not decided2. EDI is the core of in formatio n tech no logy used in intern ati onal trade and tran sportati on.Is it a fact? ( A )A. CorrectB. WrongC. Not mentionedD. Not clear3. What is the meaning of magic too”n the paragraph? ( D )A. VisibleB. I nvisibleC. NetD. You cantimage it.4. What is most importa nt in formatio n tech no logy in the logistics? ( C )A. Bar CodeB. POSC. EDID. GPS5. Why is the Internet a great revolution? ( D )A. The n ewest scie ntific and tech no logy inven ti onB. The most adva need tech no logyC. The valuable toolD. Help ing the mankind greatly(四)If a shipper has a strict arrival and departure requirements, railroads are at a competitive disadva ntage compared to motor carriers. Some of this disadva ntage may be overcome through comb ined tran sport, which offers the economy of rail moveme nt linked with the flexibility of trucking. Truck trailers are delivered to the rail terminals, where they are loaded on flatbed railcars. At the destination terminal they are off-loaded and delivered to the con sig nee-the customer who receivers the shipme nt.An additional area in which railroads suffer in comparison to motor carriers is equipment availability. Railroad lines use each other's cars, and at times this equipme nt may not be located where it is most n eeded. Railcars may be un available becausethey are being loaded, uni oaded, moved with in railroad sort ing yards, or un dergo ing repair. Other cars may be sta nding idle or lost withi n the vast rail n etwork. A nu mber of developme nts in the rail in dustry have helped to overcome some of these utilizati on problems. Adva nces have in cluded: computer routi ng and scheduli ng; the upgrad ing of equipme nt, roadbeds, and term in als; improveme nts in railcar identification systems; and the use of unit trains, cars owned or leased by the shipper; and dedicated through-train service between major metropolitan areas (nonstop shipments of one or a few shippers' products). Railroads own approximately 80 perce nt of their car fleet. The rema ining 20 perce nt are either leased or owned by shippers.1. The disadvantage of rail transport compared with motor carrier is (D )A. CostB. SpeedC. Lost and damage ratiosD. Tran sit time and freque ncy of service2. The disadva ntage above men ti oned can be overcome by ( AA. Comb ined tran sportB. More freque ncyC. Fast trainD. More flexible3. The adva ntage of rail tran sport is ( A )A. Great amount of shippedB. Less damage ratioC. Fast speed exact schedule cost savedD. Direct shipp ing line4. Railroads own about ( B ) of their car fleetA. HalfB. 80%C. 20%D. Not men tio ned5. What is the meaning of Metropolita n areas? (D )A. Around the cityB. City itselfC. The area n ear the cityD. Big city and its neighbor area(五)Inven tory can serve two basic functions:1. To provide a reserve for product ion and sales.2. To get the price discount by purchasing a large quantities.Inventory may be raw materials for the factory or finished products for the wholesaler and retailer. Most of inventory is placed in warehouse. Usually, three warehouses are available:1. Private warehouse. A private warehouse is owned and operated by a compa ny. It is convenient to the owner who can store and process easily. For most factories and big traders, they often have large or small warehouse, more or less space to store goods.2. Public warehouse. Public Warehouse is develop ing for the Third Part Logistics and offers special services, including package and arrangement of delivery. Public warehouse has advantage of better service and lower cost than private one by its specialized equipme nt and market ing share.3. Con tract warehouse. This kind of warehouseis formed and depe ndedo n the relatio n betwee n the suppliers and customer.When buyer purchases goods, they don't often ship them at the same time and store at the sellers' warehouse. Warehouse equipment consists of folk lift truck, stacker, goods shelf and conv eyor, etc.1. Inven tory is the same as warehouse. Is it true or not? (B )A. Sometime yesB. NotC. No relati on betwee n themD. Differe nt goods at differe nt place2. Gen erally speak ing, there are two kinds of inven tory which are ( D )A. GoodsB. MaterialsC. Materials and productsD. Raw materials and fini shed products3. Public warehouse is most efficient. What is your opinion? ( A)A. Depe nd on the situati onB. YesC. NotD. Not comparable4. Usually, con tract warehouse does' need to pay. Is it correct or not? ( C )A. YesB. NotC. It did n 'me nti on it.D. Sometime yes, sometime not.5 What is the equipment of warehouse ( D )A. ToolsB. Tools for han dli ng, loadi ng and uni oadi ngC. Forklift truckD. Forklift truck and goods shelf(六)Man agers in the last two decades have wit nessed a period of cha nge un paralleled in the history of the world, in terms of adva nces in tech no logy, globalizati on of markets and stabilization ofpolitical economies. With the increasing number of world-class” competitors both domestically and abroad, organizations have had to improve their internal processes rapidly in order to stay competitive. In the 1960s and 1970s, compa nies bega n to develop detailed market strategies, which focused on creating and capturing customer loyalty. Organizations also realized that strong engin eeri ng, desig n and manu facturi ng functions were n ecessary in order to support these market requirements. Design engineers had to be able to translate customer n eeds into product and service specificati ons, which the n had to be produced at a high level of quality and at a reas on able cost. As the dema nd for new products escalated in the 1980s, manu facturi ng orga ni zati ons were required to become in creas in gly flexible and resp on sive to modify exist ing products and processes or to develop new ones in order to meet ever-cha nging customer n eeds. As manu facturi ng capabilities improved in the 1990s, man agers realized that material and service in put from suppliers had a major impact on their organization' ability to meet customer needs. This led to an in creased focus on the supply base and the orga ni zationsourc ing strategy. Man agers also realized that produci ng a quality product was not eno ugh. Gett ing the products to customers when, where, how, and in the quantity that they want, in a cost-effective manner, constituted an entirely new type of challenge. More recently, the era of the Logistics Renaissance was also born, recreating a whole set of time-reducing in formatio n tech no logies and logistics n etwork aimed at meeti ng these challe nges.As a result of these cha nges, orga ni zatio ns now find that it is no Ion ger eno ugh to man age their orga ni zati ons. They must also be invo lved in the man ageme ntof to man age their orga ni zati ons. They must also be invo lved in the man ageme ntof the n etwork of all upstream firms that provide in puts (directly or in directly), as well as the n etwork of dow nstream firms resp on sible for delivery and after-market service of the product to the end customer. From this realization emerged the concept of the supply cha in”.见P781. Whe n did the great cha nges take for the world economy? (B)A. 1970B. Last 20 years or moreC. Last cen turyD. Long time ago2. What is the meaning of Customer loyally”？(A)A. The most importa nt customers for any firmB. Loyal to compa nyC. The customers to buy a lotD. The long term customers3. What is the meaning of Logistics Renaissanee? (A)A. Logistics bega n a new periodB. Logistics is rebor nC. Logistics has take n econo mic fun cti ons much more beforeD. Logistics is develop ing4. What is the meaning of Upstream” for supply chain?(B)A. CustomersB. SuppliersC. BuyersD. A and B5. What is the meaning of Down stream” for supply cha in?(A)A. CustomersB. SuppliersC. SellersD. B and C6. ( A ) is the place to store the goods imported or in transit, without paying dutyun der customs supervisi on.A. Boned warehouseB. Exported warehouseC. Imported warehouseD. Customs warehouseAll over the world, more and more ocea n freights are carried out with contain ers. This trend will continue because contain erized shipme nt offers so many adva ntages. Among them are:1. Economy. Overall transportation costs can be reduced by the container shipme nt. I n the case of gen eral cargo of 10,000 ton s, it takes 48 hours to load and uni oad, but for the container ship of 35,000 tons, only 6-8 hour n eeded to load and uni oad.2. Safety. The cargo can be han dled in any weather and is efficie ntly protected from theft and damage, because it is completely en closed.3. Large scale. Container ship has become gia nt from 10,000 tons in 1970 to 100,000 tons, now it continues to grow bigger and bigger.There are two kinds of containers, 20' and 40；mostly adopted. And 20' container is called TEU, Twen ty-foot Equivale nt Un it, and sta ndard container. One 40'c ontainer is equal to two 20s.Containers are used in ocea n, railway and highway tran sportati on. In rece nt years, many container termi nals have bee n established.The continen tai bridge tran sport is in troduced to load containers by trai ns. The road tran sportati on follows this tenden cy, as the tractors pull the container with the speed of 100 km per hour in highway.1. What is container shipment? ( A )A. To load goods in containerB. Container is only choice for transportation.C. Contain erized tran sportati onD. Container ship, container train and container track2. What is containerization shipment? ( B)A. To load goods in containerB. Container is only choice for transportation.C. Contain erized tran sportati on.D. Container ship, container train and container track3. Only 20' a nd 40 con tai ner are available. Is it a fact? ( A)A. CorrectB. WrongC. Not men tio nedD. I don 'tk now4. 20'ccontainer is sta ndard contain er. Is it true or n ot? ( A)A. YesB. NotC. It is old con ceptD. It is new kind of container5. Container ships n eed the container term inal to load and uni oad goods. Is it corrector not? (C )A. CorrectB. WrongC. DependD. Not men tio ned(八)Now, we discuss the relation between the international trade and logistics. As you know, trad ing invo Ives several steps:1. Making deal. I n this stage, the buyer and seller should n egotiate the price of the goods, the way to pay, fin ally sig n the con tract.2. Payme nt. It is a core step in the trad ing. Gen eral speak ing, buyers can not pay to sellers directly. They usually ask their bank to write the Letter of Credit (L/C) to thesellers. L/C is the promise to pay from the buyer, transferred to sellers and under the ' bcon diti onal articles.3. Tran sportatio n. After recei ving qualified L/C, the seller beg ins to deliver the goods. Then transportation takes the main place of the trading. So, international transportation is similar word to international logistics. Logistics can move the commodities form one country to another with ships, trucks and air. Logistics may fix the cost of transportation to the trading partners with the terms of FOB and CIF. FOB mea ns the deal price without in sura nee and freight. CIF contains cost of goods, in sura nee and freight. Tran sportati on as the mai n fun cti on of the logistics has the very close relati on ship with foreig n trade.4. Customs clearance and Inspection. In the final step, logistics helps customers and customs in two ways: on one hand, arran geme nt of goods to be cleared. on the other hand, handing in the docume nts to be exam in ed.1. There is n ot close relati on ship betwee n intern atio nal trade and logistics. Is it correct?(B)A. CorrectB. WrongC. This is not main topic in the page.D. I don 'k now2. What is con tract? ( C )A. PaperB. Arran geme ntC. Arran geme nt by both sides of dealD. Memo3. L/C is a letter from buyer to seller. Is it true or not? (A)A. TrueB. YesC. CorrectD. Wrong4. What does customs do? ( A )A. In spect ing goods and collect ing dutyB. Gover nment orga nC. Collecting taxD. In spect ing commodities5. Does the author talk about the tran sportati on equipme nt? ( B)A. YesB. NOC. Only a littleD. Dropp ing a hint(九)Transportation is the No. 1 function in the logistics. In certain way, transport equal logistics. There are five transportation modes: rail, highway, water, pipeline and air. The relative importa nce of each mode can be measured in the terms of mileage, load volume and in come.1. Rail n etwork. Rail n etwork can be used to tran sport large tonn age goods over long distance. Rail companies have the advantage of low operation cost, like electricity and fuel, but the disadva ntage of expe nsive in vestme nt.2. Motor Carriers. Highway transport has developed rapidly since 1970. The operati on of door-to-door and flexibility are the main reas ons why motor carriers can not be compared by other modes.3. Water Tran sport. Water Tran sport is the oldest way of tran sportati on, but it is the only opti on for the intern ati onal tradi ng. Ocea n ships can sail very long dista nce and extremely large shipme nts with the lowest cost. Rece ntly, container ship may load 7,000 con ta in ers about 150,000 ton s.4. Pipeli ne. Pipeli ne can send goods without stopp ing, but restricted to oil and gas. In 2003, China began to build three pipelines for water transportation called water in Souther n moved to Northern.5. Air. Air freights is the newest and sun rise industry. Although it is high cost now, and the disaster of 9.11”，for a long run, air tran sport will in crease its proporti on steadily.1. Why is transportation the most important in the logistics? (D )A. It costs the Iongest time.B. It needs the most investmentC. It needs the biggest area.D. Its returned cost is the most.2. How many modes are there in the tran sport? ( C )A. 3B. 4C. 5D. More than 53. Which mode is the lowest cost in transportation? (C )A. TrainB. TruckC. Ocea n shipD. Air4. What is the advantage of motor transportation? ( D )A. FastB. Save moneyC. EasyD. Flexibly and the operation of door-to-door”5. Pipeline can only carry oil and gas. ( B ).A. NotB. YesC. NoneD. Anything(十)Packaging is the end of production and the start of logistics. But it is more important to the latter than the former because the package is absolutely necessary to transportation and storage. Without it, the logistics can't work. One of the basic fun cti ons of packag ing is to protect the goods in the process of logistics. It is called in dustry package. The sec ond function is to make sales easy. For example, a beautiful box of the shoes attracts the customer to buy. This is called commercial package.Packag ing tech no logy can be classified into two categories: one is package materials, the other is packaging methods. The materials consist of paper, plastic, wood, metal and glass. Paper is the biggest perce ntage of the pack ing materials. It can be used to make outer package, cart on (paper box) and corrugated box. Paper is cheap, easy to shape and ventilated. Plastic is new fast developed materials, which is low cost, strong, good resista nt to water, acid and so on. Wood has become the less proporti on because of en vir onmen tal protecti on .It is used to make the woode n box. Metal, exactly aluminum is to make cans for drinks, like COCA-COLA, which is easy to recycle. Glass is mainly used to fill the liquid, like chemical products and liquors. Packag ing tech nique is to adopt several pack ing methods and containers to protect goods. For example, protection from damage and vibration is the basic packaging method. Protecti on containers have a lot, such as bag, box, can, bottle and barrel.1. Packaging is not a part of logistics. Is it true or not? (A)A. NotB. YesC. No relationD. Sometime yes, sometime not2. The mai n fun cti on of packagi ng is to protect goods. Do you agree? (B)A. YesB. NotC. DifferentD. Same3. There are two categories of packaging. Is it a fact? (D)A. MoreB. On ly oneC. NotD. Yes叮叮小文库4. Packagi ng material and tech nique are equally importa nt to packag ing tech no logy. Do you agree? (C)A. DifferentB. Same effectC. YesD. No5. Packagi ng tech nique is the package shape. Is it a factgA)A. YesB. NotC. I don' knowD. No mention in it精品文库11。