名词解释1. Ethnorelativism2. Ethnocentrism3. Collectivist culture4. Culture shock5. Non-verbal communication6. Individualism7. Low-context culture问答题1. Describe the different ways in showing hospitality between Chinese culture and western culture2. What are the differences on receiving gifts between Chinese and westerner3. Why do many Chinese people tend to ask about age, martial status, and even salary when first meeting one another4. What is the significance of Nonverbal Communication5. Explain high-context culture and low-context culture.答案：名词解释1. Ethnorelativism ：It is the attitude of cultural relativism, sometimes called “Ethnorelativism”. An acquired ability to see many values and behaviors as cultural rather than universal。

2. Ethnocentrismis negatively judging aspects of another culture by the standards of one‘s own culture. It is the technical name for the view of things in which one‘s own group is the center of everything, and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it.3. Collectivist culture:it is characterized by a rigid social framework that distinguish between in-groups and out-groups .people expect their in-group to look after them ,and in exchange for that they fell they owe absolute loyalty to the group .collectivism means greater emphasis on (1)theviews ,needs ,and goals of the in-groups rather than oneself (2)social norms and duty defined by the in-group rather than behavior to get pleasure (3)beliefs shared with the in-group; rather than beliefs that distinguish self from in group ; and (4)great readiness to cooperate with in group membership .4. Culture shockIt is a psychological phenomenon that is experienced most often by those who, whether voluntarily or involuntarily, in the process of adjusting themselves to a new culture.5. Nonverbal communication:It refers to communication through a whole variety of different types of signal come into play, including the way we move, the gestures we employ, the posture we adopt, the facial expression we wear, the direction of our gaze, to the extent to which we touch and the distance we stand from each other.6. Individualismbroadly speaking ,individualism refers to the doctrine theater the interests of the individual are of ought to be paramount ,and that all values ,rights and duties originate in individual s ,it emphasizes individual initiative ,independence ,individual expression ,and even privacy .7. Low-context cultureit's a kind of culture in which the population is less homogeneous and therefore tends to compartmentalize interpersonal contacts ,. American ,German简答题：1. Describe the different ways in showing hospitality between Chinese culture and western culture。

Chinese guests always refuse offer of drinks or food to demonstrate politeness in seeming not to wish to put their host to any trouble. Sometimes an offer is not a real offer but a polite remark. After we say 'no', we usually wait for the second and third offer. If the host just brings the food or drink and ignores 'no', we ill accept it. Chinese like to press their guests to drink or eat to show their hospitality. While westerners always accept or refuse offer of drinks or food very genuinely. Their refusal is accepted as genuine. Westerners don’t press. To press people to have food or drink after they have refused is frowned upon and can cause embarrassments.2. What are the differences on receiving gifts between Chinese and westernerIn the West, it is regarded as polite to open gifts as soon as they are given to express appreciation. In China, the situation is quite the reverse. Normally we Chinese feel that if you open the gift as soon asit is given, you might embarrass the person who gives the gift and you might be thought greedy. Therefore, Chinese people tend to open the gifts after the visitors have left.In China, many people send gifts without wrapping them, and if they wrap them, they usually tell the receiver what is inside, and the receiver will thank the sender and put the gift aside without unwrapping them since they already know what is inside. English receivers open the gifts in front of the senders of the gifts.3. Why do many Chinese people tend to ask about age, martial status, and even salary when first meeting one anotherTo them, these ar e open conversational topics. Knowing a person’s age helps them use appropriate terms of address. And Chinese people pay a lot of attention to family life, so naturally talk of family members features as a common topic. As to salary, since there is a national system of salaries, people usually don’t consider it a secret and they talk about it openly.4. What is the significance of Nonverbal CommunicationNonverbal behavior is a significant area of communication study for at least three reasons.Nonverbal behavior accounts for much of the meaning we get from conversations.Nonverbal behavior spontaneously reflects the subconsciousness. We cannot avoid communicating through nonverbal signals.Besides, nonverbal behavior is significant because nonverbal communication can be open to many interpretations.5. Explain high-context culture and low-context culture..High-context culture：it's a kind of culture in which people are very homogeneous with regard to experiences ,information networks ,and the like ,. Chinese ,Japanese.Low-context culture： it's a kind of culture in which the population is less homogeneous and therefore tends to compartmentalize interpersonal contacts ,. American ,German.。