• Finite Verb,also called Finite Form. 限定动词又称动词的限定形式。
• Its unique character (P116) 限定动词具有“时”（Tense）的标记
Present Tense Past Tense
肯定缩略形式与其他词语的搭配
• 与人称代词搭配 e.g. I’m a student. We’re playing bridge this evening. I’ve got a lot of things to tell you. She’s been away for months. They’ll have to come home. He said you’d had a car accident.
试比较： They have three children.
They’ve got three children.
He has to leave early.
He’s got to leave early.
Conclusion
Main verbs (notional verbs)
Verbs
primary auxiliaries
肯定缩略形式与其他词语的搭配
• 与指示代词、不定代词、物主代词搭配
That’s fine.
This’ll do.
That’d be much better.
One’s enough.
Something’s got to be done.
Nobody’ll do that for you.
Mine’s blue; yours is white.
非缩略形式的使用场合
• 单独使用时
A: You’ve seen her,haven’t you?
B: Yes, I have. • 用语句子结尾时
John’பைடு நூலகம் not such a good student as Bill is. • 用于发问或附加疑问句时
Will he come?
You haven’t seen her,have you?
肯定缩略形式与其他词语的搭配
• 与存在句引导词there搭配 There’s a lot to do. There’s been a farm here for centuries. There’ll be a new film next week. She wondered if there’d been a mistake. He thought there’d be an answer by tomorrow.
Auxiliaries modal auxiliaries be
semi-auxiliaries have 为中心成分
seem
可与it… that句型转换 不可
Contracted Form
am,is,are,was,were,have,has,had,do,does,did,s hall，should，will，would，can，could，may，
It’s been snowing since midnight. (has) We’d have come if you’d asked us.
(should/would,had)
肯定缩略形式与其他词语的搭配
• 与名词词组搭配 Obama’s coming tomorrow evening. The roads’re good. The camera’d been stolen. The dictionnary’d be useful. The guests’ve all gone.
might，must，ought （to）,need,dare,used （to）
肯定缩略形式
• 在刚才提及的二十四个限定动词中只有以 下十个能有肯定缩略形式：
• am(’m) • is(’s) • are(’re)
have(’ve) has(’s) had(’d)
shall(’ll) will(’ll) should(’d) would(’d)
Review Finite Verb(限定动词）
• 我有一种想法，但是我的这种想法不是我曾经想到的那种想法。如果 这种想法是我曾经想到的想法，我就不会想那么多了。
• Tom's got a lot of dots on his pocket. If he wants to wash off the dots, he’ll use a pot of hot water.
肯定缩略形式与其他词语的搭配
it’s 和 its在这里的用法比较： e.g. The cat is licking its tail; it’s not licking its paw.
另外，he’s,she’s,it’s=he is/he has,she is/she has,it is/it has; ’d既可表示should,would,也可表示had,具体 如何转换的需从上下文予以判别。 e.g. He’s here. (is)
•
表示强调时
A: You’re not coming with me.
B: I am coming whether you like it or not.
非缩略形式的使用场合
• Have/have to 作“有”、“必须”解释时通常也不用缩 略形式。但是若改用have got/have got to 形式表示，则 通常用缩略形式。
肯定缩略形式与其他词语的搭配
• ’s(=is)与地点副词here/there搭配 Here’s your book. There’s your car. Here’s your bicycle and there’s mine.
• 与疑问词搭配 Who’s there? How’s everything? What’re you doing? What’s happening?/What’s happened? What’ll you have to drink? Who’d like to try?
Contracted Form
—— By Brook
• I thought a thought. But the thought I thought wasn’t the thought I thought I thought. If the thought I thought I thought had been the thought I thought, I wouldn’t have thought so much.