xp
(spec)(Mod) X (Complement*)(Mod)
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6
The Expanded XP rule
6.What is deep structure and what is surface structure?
• Formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head's subcategorization properties, is called deep structure(or D-structure).
Degreee words. Qualifier.Auxiliary.Conjunction.
• To determine a word's category, three criteria
are usually employed, namely, meaning, inflection
and distribution.
2. A category at any levelcan be ccoordinated.
3. Coordinated categories must be of the same type.
4. The category type of the coordinate phrase is
identical to the category type of the elements
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4
4.What is coordinate structure and what propertiesctures are formed by joining two or more elements of the same type with the help of a
• Head: The word around which a phrase is formed is termed head.
• Complement:The words on the right side of the heads are complements.
• Modifiers, which specifies optionally expressible properties of head.
❖Word level categories are divided into two kinds: a. major lexical categories:
Noun, verb, Adjective.Prepositon. a. minor lexical categories:Determiner.
• A phrase can contain specifiers, head, complements and Modifiers.
• Specifiers :The words on the left side of the heads are said to function as specifiers.
PP
(Deg) P (PP) in the middle of the river
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3
3.What is category? How to determine a word's category?
• Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb.
or an order, usually containing a subject and a verb.(------X-ford)
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2
2.What is phrase stucture rule?
• The special type of grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements that make up a phrase is called a phrase stucture rule.
being conjoined.
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5
5.What elements does a phrase contain and what role does each element play?
• Syntactic units that are built around a certain word category are called phrases.
• The phrase stucture rule for NP ,VP, AP, and pp.
NP
(Det) N (PP) the pretty girl
VP
(Qual) V (NP) often dream a dream
AP
(Deg) A (PP) very careful about you
conjunction such as and or or. Such phrasesare
called coordinate structures.
• Coordination exhibitsthe followfor important properties:
1. There is no limit on the number of coordinated categories that can appear prior to the conjunction.
Chapter 4
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By: J.W.
1.What is syntax?
• Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies the rules that govern the formation of sentences.
• Sentence: • A set of words expressing a statement, a question