1. 一般功能词汇因果关系→导致，产生give rise to, lead to, result in, be responsible for, prompt解析：give rise to, lead to, result in表示一般性的“导致、产生、造成”；beresponsible for 不仅表示“为…负责”，也可以表示“产生”（being a source orcause），但多指“产生某种负面后果和不利局面”；prompt表示“激发”（Tomove to act; spur; incite），有“快速产生”之意。
Fast-paced modern life is responsible for the consumption of junk food.The bishop's speech has prompted an angry response from both politicalparties.Sharon Stone’s remarks about China’s Sichuan earthquake prompted angryresponses from the Chinese public.→产生于result from, originate in (from)解析：result from表示“产生于”；originate in (from)表示“发源自”例句：Youtiao originated in China.→归因于attribute ...to, blame…on, be the (main) culprit of解析：attribute A to B表示“将A归因于B”；blame A on B，表示“将A（负面的）归咎于B”；culprit本意表示“罪犯”(one charged with a crime or anoffense)，比喻义表示“造成某种负面后果的原因”（the reason for aparticular problem or difficulty）例句：Children today are getting increasingly overweight. Experts believe thatexcessive consumption is the main culprit.→使某人做某事prompt sb to do sth, motivate sb to do sth解析：prompt指“令某人做出某种具体行动的原因，强调快速激发”；motivate指“成为某人的做某事的动机”Many great businessmen are motivated not but the desire for money.→原因cause, reason解析：cause指“造成某事客观原因”，reason指“用来解释的理由”。
Reason并不一定就是cause.跟cause有关的几种常用搭配：真实原因real cause,根本原因root cause, underlying cause主要原因major cause, primary cause可能的原因likely cause, possible causecontributory cause例句：The reason he gave for his poor academic performances is that he hadrecently went through an emotional meltdown. But I know that is not thereal cause.Unhealthy eating habits have many other contributory causes.事物数量→几个several, a number of, a couple of解析：several略显非正式；A number of 是正式表达。
A couple of daysAcross the street from me there are a couple of police officers standing guard →很多个可数a large (vast) number of, numerous, a host of, a legion of , a flock of , flock to do sth解析：A host of表示“大量的”指”事物“。
Legion本意指“军团”、flock本意表“羊群”，legion和flock都表示“大量的某一类人”。
例句：Making public transportation free might create a host of problems.Flocks of consumers are buying products that they have no real use for.→很多，大量不可数a large(adequate) deal (amount, supply, quantity) of 辨析：quantity指“可以装在容器中的某物”；supply指“提供的某物”例句：A large quantity of drugs, a large quantity of food and drink, a largesupply of oxygen, a large supply of food→很多可数&不可数plenty of辨析：plenty of可修饰可数和不可数名词→充足的sufficient, adequate辨析：指“数量”、“质量“、”效力”能够满足需求的。
例句：Sufficient income, an adequate supply of food, a sufficient supply ofuseful information→不充足的insufficient, inadequate→十分充足的ample辨析：指more than enough，搭配较为局限。
例句：Ample evidence, ample opportunity, ample time重要性→重要的basic, fundamental, essential, vital, integral, indispensable 解析：essential表示“因为是本质，所以必不可少的”；integral表示“因为是构成整体的一部分，所以必不可少的”，经常出现在integral part这样的搭配中；indispensable表示“必不可少的”。
Pets are an integral part of the American way of life→重要must, necessity, precondition, prerequisite, priority解析：must做名词，表示“必要的某物”（Something indispensable）；prerequisite表示“先决条件”（Required or necessary as a prior condition）If you live in a city, a car is a must.The seriousness of traffic jams highlights the necessity of controllingautomobiles in cities.In the modern society, having a college diploma is almost a prerequisite for/tosuccess.A sufficient TOEFL score is almost a prerequisite for applying for Americancolleges or universities.→使…成为必要necessitateApplying for American colleges or universities necessitates taking TOEFL.Having music classes necessitates buying musical instruments, which can bevery expensive.→紧迫urgent, pressing, imperativeImperative表示“需要立刻关注或采取行动的”。
（Compelling immediateattention）There is an urgent need for fresh water and ample food.Pressing need/matter/problemIt is imperative to protect the endangered animals.→不重要minor, secondary, low priority, take the second placeProtecting the environment is urgent, but it does not mean that investing inmedical care takes a back seat事物的大小和程度→较大considerable, significant, considerably, significantly→巨大tremendous(ly), enormous(ly)→过度excessive, excessively→极度extreme, extremely在极端情况下In extreme circumstances, in extreme cases→合理适度reasonable, reasonably, moderate, moderately相似性→相同的be similar (to), alike, comparable解析：similar和comparable既可以做表语也可以作定语，alike做定语和状语。
The Chinese culture and the Korean culture are alike (similar, comparable) inmany aspects.The girls are of comparable (similar) ages.Lawyers and politicians alike （只能用alike）require a strong ability to speak.→不同的different, distinct（Readily distinguishable 解析：distinct表示“差异一望而知的，截然不同的。