New England Transcendentalism
2021/3/10
讲解：XX
1
Important terms (1)
Transcendentalism : Transcendentalism is philosophical and literary movement that flourished in New England from about 1836 to1860. It originated among a small group of intellectuals who were reacting against the orthodoxy(正统的)of Calvinism and the rationalism of the Unitarian Church(唯一神论 教派), developing instead their own faith centering on the divinity of humanity and the natural world.Fra bibliotek2021/3/10
讲解：XX
7
Important terms (3)
American Renaissance : The name is given to a flourishing of distinctively American literature in the period before the Civil War. This renaissance is represented by the work of Ralph Waldo Emerson, H. D. Thoreau, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville, and Walt Whitman.
2021/3/10
讲解：XX
5
Important terms (2)
Individualism: Individualism is a moral, political, and social philosophy, which emphasizes individual liberty, the primary importance of the individual, and the “virtues of self-reliance”. It assumes that a person can be socially and culturally free of upbringing.
2021/3/10
讲解：XX
2
Important terms (1)
Transcendentalism derived some of its basic idealistic concepts from romantic German philosophy, and from such English authors as Coleridge, and Wordsworth. Its mystical aspects were partly influenced by Indian and Chinese religious teachings.
Its major works are Hawthorne’ s The Scarlet Letter ( 红字，1850 ) , Melville ‘s Moby-Dick (白鲸， 1851 ) ,and Whitman’s Leaves of Grass (草叶集， 1855). The American Renaissance may be regarded as a delayed manifestation of Romanticism(浪漫主义的延续), especially in Emerson’ s philosophy of Transcendentalism.
2021/3/10
讲解：XX
3
Important terms (1)
Although transcendentalism was never a rigorously systematic philosophy, it had some basic tenets that were generally shared by its adherents. The beliefs that God is immanent in each person and in nature(每人都有内在的神性) and that individual intuition is the highest source of knowledge led to an optimistic emphasis on individualism, self-reliance, and rejection of traditional authority.
2021/3/10
讲解：XX
6
Important terms (2)
Individualism claims the ability to oppose “authority”, and to all manner of controls over the individual (反对一切压抑个人的支配行 为), especially when exercised by the political state or “society”. It is thus directly opposed to collectivism (集体主义), social psychology and sociology, which consider the individual’s rapport to the society or community.
2021/3/10
讲解：XX
4
Important terms (1)
The ideas of transcendentalism were most eloquently expressed by Ralph Waldo Emerson in such essays as Nature (1836), and Self- Reliance and by Henry David Thoreau in his book Walden.