Cell membranes 细胞膜
Chemical messengers (eicosanoids) 化学信号
（类二十碳酸，局部类激素物质）
The evidence for a beneficial role of dietary ARA and DHA in infant nutrition婴儿营养中膳食ARA和DHA有益作用的证据 7
Brain 大脑
Perpheral nerves 周围神经组织
Retina
视网膜
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Suggestive evidence 启发性证据
Brain tissue is rich in ARA and DHA 脑组织中富含ARA和DHA 9
% of phospholipid total FA ％（磷酯总脂肪酸）
n-3 ALA
18:3
412
66
EPA 20:5
20
3.2
DPA 22:5
87
14
DHA 22:6
112
18
Mature hindmilk of 15 German mothers 15位德国哺乳妇女的成熟后乳
DSM Nutritional Products
Koletzko B et al. Am J Clin Nutr 1988;47:954-959
优先注视法（视敏卡片方法）
Brain development 大脑发育
1. Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence 婴儿智力弗干测试法 2. Bayley Scales of Infant Development贝利婴儿发展量表 3. Weschler Intelligence Scale for Children韦氏儿童智力量表 4. Psychomotor Neurodevelopment Test after Brunet and
Fatty acid 脂肪酸
n-6 LA
18:2
GLA 18:3
DGLA 20:3
ARA 20:4
Concentration in breast milk
mg/l
母乳中浓度 5475 81 132 183
Daily intake by infants
mg/kg body weight
婴儿日摄入量（mg/kg体重） 876 13 21 29
Breast milk is best
for your baby 母乳对婴儿 是最好的
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13
1995-044pp
Metabolic production 通过代谢产生
14
The fetus and the infant produce inadequate amounts of ARA and DHA from its precursors 胎儿和婴儿从ARA和DHA的前体中不能生成足够的ARA和DHA
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
•
Suggestive
evidence
•
启发性证据
•
•
•
Traditional formula
•
(no ARA and DHA)
•
传统配方(无ARA和DHA)
•
Nervous tissue (brain, retina) is rich in ARA and DHA 神经组织（大脑、视网膜）富含ARA和DHA Human milk is rich in ARA and DHA 母乳中富含ARA和DHA ARA and DHA are actively transferred from the mother to the fetus through the placenta 母亲通过胎盘活跃地传递ARA和DHA到胎儿
0
LC-PUFAs and Infant nutrition 长链多不饱和脂肪酸与婴儿营养
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Fatty acids in nutrition 脂肪酸营养
1
Vitamins and trace elements 维生素与微量元素
Proteins 蛋白质
Nutrition 营养
Lipids脂肪
Minerals 矿物质
Carbohydrates 碳水化合物
Structural
Functions 结构功能
Regulatory
Functions 调节功能
Energy
Production 提供能量
Essential fatty acids DSM Nutritional Products 必需脂肪酸
亚油酸
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PUFA metabolism
PUFA的代谢
5
n-6
Linoleic acid亚油酸 18:2
Plants植物 Algae藻类
6-Desaturase 6-去饱和酶
n-3
Alpha-linolenic acid
α-亚麻酸
18:3
Gamma- linolenic acid (GLA) γ-亚麻酸
婴儿如何获得ARA和DHA
11
Breast milk 母乳
Metabolism Infant formula
代谢
婴儿配方食品
LA
ARA
ALA
DHA
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Breast milk 通过母乳母乳提供
12
Breast milk contains and breastfed infants consume appreciable amounts of ARA & DHA: 母乳中含有丰富的ARA和DHA，母乳喂养的婴儿摄入足量的ARA和DHA
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Shorthand notation of fatty acids
脂肪酸的简略符号
3
CX:Y,n-Z
X = number of carbon atoms 碳原子数 Y = number of double bonds 双键数 Z = position of first double bond
22:5
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) 二十二碳六烯酸 22:6
Roles of PUFA
PUFA的作用
6
Energy 提供能量
PUFA
Structure 结构
Regulation 调节
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Storage + supply 储存+供应
• • •
* With respect to breastfeeding
母乳喂养
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Normalisation* of ARA and DHA status ARA和DHA状况恢复正常 Normalisation* of eye development 眼睛发育正常 Normalisation* of brain development 大脑发育正常 Lower+ blood pressure in childhood 儿童期血压较低
Classification of fatty acids脂肪酸分类
2
Fatty Acids 脂肪酸
Saturated饱和脂肪酸
Unsaturated 不饱和脂肪酸
Cis顺式 Trans反式
Polyene多烯烃
Monoene 单烯烃
Non-essential 非必需脂肪酸
Essential (cis) 必需脂肪酸（顺式）
Traditional formulas do not contain ARA and DHA传统配方中不含ARA和DHA
Less DHA in the brain 大脑中DHA减少 Lower ARA and DHA status ARA和DHA含量低 Affect eye function 影响眼睛的功能 Affect brain function 影响大脑的功能
from methyl end 从甲基端起首个双键位置
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Structure of fatty acids
Example 脂肪酸结构例子
4
Methyl end
甲基端 8
CH3
Carboxyl end 羧基端
24 6
1 12 14 16 0
COOH
Linoleic acid = C18:2,n-6
+ with respect to traditional formula 传统配方
Suggestive evidence 启发性证据
8
ARA and DHA serve important structural functions in the nervous system 神经系统中ARA和DHA起着重要的结构功能
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Eye and brain development 眼睛和大脑的发育
Some methods of assessment in infants 在婴儿中评估的一些方1法6
Eye development 眼睛发育
Retinal physiology 视网膜生理
10
DHA [mmol per whole brain]
5
0
30 40
6
12
18
Week of pregnancy 妊娠周数