当前位置:文档之家› 第三章 英汉语言对比

第三章 英汉语言对比


(二)状语的位置 单词作状语 ①英、汉语中,单词状语修饰形容词或其他状语时,常 放在所修饰词的前面。 John did not distinguish himself as a student, but he was very active in class.(前置)
约翰当年并不是出色的学生,但他在班上很活跃。(前置) 很
plumber (形成于“五角大楼文件”泄密事件后白宫设立的专门特工机构。 原意“铅管工”,用以指特工,是借用“铅管工”堵漏、防漏之含义) 美国政府雇员调查泄密事件的特工
(4)一词多义---英语中有词或词组对应。 以thing为例: 1)I believed then that I would die there, and I saw with a terrible clarity the things of the valley below.
1 There is some truth in what he says. 2 Don’t let your imagination run away with you. 3 I can’t even remember clearly what he looked like. 4 He also asked what had happened to me since we separated.
(二)英语句子汉译时,根据汉语表达习惯可以 做些省略。 1) Now we have solved the problem and have arrived
at the same conclusion as they arrived at. 现在我们已经解决了这个问题,并且得出了和他 们相同的结论。 2) He realized the “subtlety” of China’s messages, the gap between her hot rhetoric and her cool action. 他领会了中国信息的“微妙之处”:言辞激烈, 但行动沉着。
3.2 英汉句法对比
句子内容的一些表达手段 (一)英语句子汉译时,根据汉语表达习惯可以做些增补。 1)I just hate everybody. No, not you, Phyl, but everybody else. 我就是恨所有的人。不,不是你,菲儿,我恨其他所 有的人。 2) The marchers every short while shouted slogans about the strike, but she didn’t join in. 游行的人群每隔一会就喊罢工口号,但是她没有跟着 喊。
在翻译多个定语时,应根据原文的意思和汉语的 习惯灵活处理,有时需要改变原来的位置,或者换 成汉语的谓语或其他成分。 I saw a little, yellow, ragged, lame, unshaven beggar. She had such a kindly, smiling, tender, gentle, generous heart of her own.
2 短语作定语 英语---短语一般放在名词之后 汉语---短语放在名词前,偶尔放在名词后,视汉语 习惯而定。 a building project of high-rise apartment houses(后置) 一个多层公寓大楼的 多层公寓大楼的建筑项目 多层公寓大楼的 a candidate with little chance of success (后置) 一个当选希望极微的 当选希望极微的候选人 当选希望极微的 particles moving round their atomic nucleus (后置) 环绕原子核运动的粒子 环绕原子核运动的 the decimal system of counting (后置) 十进制计算法 计算法
一所以搞科研为重点的医院(前置) 一所以搞科研为重点的
something important (后置)
重要的事情(前置) 重要的
the banker’s little garden(前置,两个以上的单词作定语) 银行老板的小花园(前置,两个单词定语次序与原文一致 一致) 银行老板的小 一致 the ancient Chinese alchemists(前置,两个以上的单词作定语) 中国古代的炼金术士(前置,两个单词定语次序与原文颠倒 颠倒) 中国古代的 颠倒
(2)Some Americans pop across the border simply to fuel up on flavorful Mexican food and beer. 一些美国人越过国境线,只是为了吃点可口的 墨西哥食物,喝点墨西哥啤酒。
3 词序
英、汉语句子中主要成分——主语、谓语动词、宾语/ 表语的词序基本上是一致的。但是各种定语的位置和各种 状语的次序在英、汉语中则有同有异,变化较多,所以英 汉语词序的比较,主要是指定语、状语位置异同的比较。 (一)定语的位置 1 单词作定语 英语---通常放在所修饰的名词前面,有时后置 汉语---一般都前置 a research-oriented hospital(前置)
1 I believed then that I would die there, and I saw with a terrible clarity the things of the valley below. 这时我觉得我要死在那儿了,而下面山谷里的景致 景致却看 景致 得异常清晰。 2 The large mammalian brain is the most complicated thing, for its size, known to us. 大型哺乳动物的大脑,就其体积而言, 是我们所知晓 的最复杂的机体 机体。 机体 3 When I am finished, things will be precisely as they were before… 一切都依然如故…… 每次完成之后,一切 一切 4 What a fine thing for our girls! 真是女儿们的好福气 福气啊! 福气
2 词的搭配 英语和汉语在词的搭配能力方面往往有差异。 为了使译文语言规范,译者必须注意这种差异, 译文中词的搭配必须符合汉语习惯。 to cut wheat to cut cake to cut finger-nails (1) He wore dark glasses, and thick jersey, and stopped up his ears with cotton wool. 他带黑眼睛,穿厚毛衣,耳朵里塞了棉花。 带 穿 (2) Some Americans pop across the border simply to fuel up on flavorful Mexican food and beer.
2 词的搭配
英语和汉语在词的搭配能力方面往往有差异。为了使 译文语言规范,译者必须注意这种差异,译文中词的搭配 必须符合汉语习惯。
to cut wheat to cut cake to cut finger-nails (1) He wore dark glasses, and thick jersey, and stopped up his ears with cotton wool.
I saw a little, yellow, ragged, lame, unshaven beggar. 我看见一个要饭的,身材矮小 脸色苍黄 衣 身材矮小,脸色苍黄 身材矮小 脸色苍黄,衣 衫褴褛,瘸腿 满脸胡子。 瘸腿,满脸胡子 衫褴褛 瘸腿 满脸胡子 She had such a kindly, smiling, tender, gentle, generous heart of her own. 她心地厚道 为人乐观 性情温柔 待人和蔼 厚道,为人乐观 性情温柔,待人和蔼 厚道 为人乐观,性情温柔 待人和蔼, 器量又大。 器量又大
1 soft pillow 3 soft cushion 5 soft money 7 soft breeze 9 soft voice 11 soft hat 13 soft answer 15 soft heart
2 soft music 4 soft wood 6 soft drink 8 soft light 10 soft fire 12 soft words 14 soft goods 16 soft water
(4)一词多义---英语中有许多词一词多义,其所表示的 各个意义,分别与汉语中几个不同的词或词组对应。 以thing为例:
1 I believed then that I would die there, and I saw with a terrible clarity the things of the valley below. 2 The large mammalian brain is the most complicated thing, for its size, known to us. 3 When I am finished, things will be precisely as they were before… 4 What a fine thing for our girls!
(2)部分对应---英语中有些词与汉语中有些词在词义上 只有部分对应。它们在意义上概括的范围有广狭之分。例: marriage gun sister morning parent 嫁、娶 枪、炮 姐、妹 早晨、上午 父亲、母亲
(3)不对应---英语中有些词所表示的意义,目前在汉语里 还找不到最后确定的对应词来表达。主要是一些专用名词、 术语以及反映英美社会特殊风气及事物的词。 mascon (mass concentration) (月球表层下高密度的)物质聚集
1 Unemployment is widespread in some countries. 2 The employers there used violence. 3 Mary spoke with restraint in her face. 4 After Aunt Lena had heard about the family trouble, she agreed to look for a job.
相关主题