Introduction:This tutorial demonstrates how to model the2D turbu-lentflow across a circular cylinder using LES(Large Eddy Simula-tion),and computeflow-induced noise(aero-noise)using FLUENT’s acoustics model.In this tutorial you will learn how to:•Perform2D Large Eddy Simulation(LES)•Set parameters for an aero-noise calculation•Save surface pressure data for an aero-noise calculation•Calculate aero-noise quantities•Postprocess an aero-noise solutionPrerequisites:This tutorial assumes that you are familiar with the menu structure in FLUENT,and that you have solved or read Tu-torial1.Some steps in the setup and solution procedure will not be shown explicitly.Problem Description:The problem considers turbulent airflow over a2D circular cylinder at a free stream velocity U of69.19m/s.The cylinder diameter D is1.9cm.The Reynolds number based on theflow parameters is about90000.The computational do-main(Figure3.0.1)extends5D upstream and20D downstream of the cylinder,and5D on both sides of it.If the computational domain is not taken wide enough on the downstream side,so that no reversedflow occurs,the accuracy of the aero-noise prediction may be affected.The rule of thumb is to take at least20D on the downstream side of the obstacle.c Fluent Inc.June20,20023-1Aero-Noise Prediction of Flow Across a Circular CylinderAero-Noise Prediction of Flow Across a Circular Cylindernoise.msh.File−→Read−→Case...As FLUENT reads the gridfile,it will report its progress in the console window.2.Check the grid.Grid−→CheckFLUENT will perform various checks on the mesh and will report the progress in the console window.Pay particular attention to the reported minimum volume.Make sure this is a positive number.3.Scale the grid.Grid−→Scale...(a)Under Units Conversion,select cm in the Grid Was Created indrop-down list.(b)Click on Scale.4.Display the grid.Display−→Grid...(a)Display the grid with the default settings(Figure3.0.2).(b)Use the middle mouse button to zoom in on the image so youcan see the mesh near the cylinder(Figure3.0.3).Quadrilateral cells are used for this LES simulation becausethey generate less numerical diffusion than triangular cells.Cell size should also be small enough to make numerical dif-fusion much smaller than subgrid scale turbulence viscosity.Extra:You can use the right mouse button to check which zone number corresponds to each boundary.If you clickthe right mouse button on one of the boundaries in thegraphics window,its zone number,name,and type will beprinted in the FLUENT console window.This feature is c Fluent Inc.June20,20023-3Aero-Noise Prediction of Flow Across a Circular CylinderAero-Noise Prediction of Flow Across a Circular CylinderAero-Noise Prediction of Flow Across a Circular CylinderAero-Noise Prediction of Flow Across a Circular CylinderAero-Noise Prediction of Flow Across a Circular CylinderAero-Noise Prediction of Flow Across a Circular CylinderAero-Noise Prediction of Flow Across a Circular CylinderAero-Noise Prediction of Flow Across a Circular CylinderAero-Noise Prediction of Flow Across a Circular CylinderAero-Noise Prediction of Flow Across a Circular CylinderAero-Noise Prediction of Flow Across a Circular Cylindernoise1.cas/dat).File−→Write−→Case&data...You can skip items9-12to avoid the time-consuming calculationsnecessary to get the“dynamically steady state”flowfield.Instead,you can read the corresponding case and datafiles(cylnoise1.cas/dat).See Chapter28of the User’s Guide for more information on using3-14c Fluent Inc.June20,2002Aero-Noise Prediction of Flow Across a Circular CylinderAero-Noise Prediction of Flow Across a Circular Cylindernoise2.cas/dat).File−→Write−→Case&Data...Step7:Aero-Noise Calculation1.Save surface pressure variation data.(a)Set up the schemefile and user-defined functions(UDFs)foraero-noise calculation.i.Read the schemefile,normally located in the lib directory,to create the Acoustic-Parameters panel.File−→Read−→Scheme...ii.Select acousticAero-Noise Prediction of Flow Across a Circular CylinderAero-Noise Prediction of Flow Across a Circular Cylindernoisenoise noisenoisenoise whole for the File Name to Read Surface Pressure.FLUENT’s aero-noise calculation module operates on asinglefile of surface pressure data at a time.If the surfacepressure data is saved in separatefiles,you may want toconcatenate them into one singlefile.3-18c Fluent Inc.June20,2002Aero-Noise Prediction of Flow Across a Circular Cylinderacousticpowerpower db.xy for the File Name to Power Spectrum in dB Unit.(c)Changefile name for the surface monitor.Solve−→Monitor−→Surface...i.Click on Define next to monitor-1ii.In the Define Surface Monitor panel,change the name of the monitor from monitor-point-behind-pres1-1.outto monitor-point-behind-pres4-1.out.(d)Save case and datafiles(cylnoise4.cas/dat).File−→Write−→Case&Data...(g)Exit FLUENTFile−→ExitIt is necessary to exit parallel FLUENT because the followingaero-noise calculation is performed with an Execute On De-mand UDF,which can only be used in the serial version ofthe solver.2.Calculate aero-noise(a)Start the serial version of FLUENT.c Fluent Inc.June20,20023-19Aero-Noise Prediction of Flow Across a Circular Cylinderpar.scm).File−→Read−→Scheme...(c)Read case and datafiles(cylnoise noise noise noise noise noisenoise whole.If you did not perform the calculation to write thefiles thatwill be used in this step,you can continue by using the corre-spondingfiles provided in the documentation CD.(e)Use the Execute On Demand UDF to perform the aero-noisecalculation.Define−→User-Defined−→Execute On Demand...(f)Select the cal-sound UDF and click Execute.Note:There is a limit to the minimum number of time steps ac-cording to the sound calculation scheme.The minimum num-ber of time steps needs to be larger than n=T/dt,where Tis the propagation time through a distance L,roughly equalto the length scale of the sound generating wall,and dt is thetime step size applied in the unsteady calculation.If the givennumber of time steps for cal-sound is smaller than the requiredminimum number,a warning will be printed on FLUENT’sconsole window,along with the indication of the minimumnumber<n>of time steps requiredWarning:Number of Time Steps of The Input Surface Data Must be Larger Than:<n>.3-20c Fluent Inc.June20,2002Aero-Noise Prediction of Flow Across a Circular Cylinder1.69e+021.52e+021.35e+021.19e+021.02e+028.49e+016.80e+015.12e+013.43e+011.75e+016.49e-01Figure3.0.7:Velocity Vectors2.Display contours of static pressure at the current time step(Fig-ure3.0.8).Display−→Contours...3.Inspect the Sound Pressure Level(SPL)value.The the value ofsound intensity in units of W/m2and its alternative expression in dB are printed in the FLUENT console window after the execution of the cal-sound UDF,and areIntensity=4.060634e+00(W/m2)SPL=1.261719e+02(dB)c Fluent Inc.June20,20023-21Aero-Noise Prediction of Flow Across a Circular Cylinder3.91e+031.78e+03-3.56e+02-2.49e+03-4.62e+03-6.75e+03-8.89e+03-1.10e+04-1.32e+04-1.53e+04-1.74e+04Figure3.0.8:Static Pressure Contours4.Plot Acoustic Pressure variation(Figure3.0.9).Plot−→File...(a)Click on Add.(b)Select thefile cyl pres.xy and click OK.Remember to delete thefiles you do not want to display from theFiles list.5.Plot Power Spectrum of sound pressure(Figure3.0.10).(a)Power Spectrum in units of P a2.Plot−→File...i.Click on Add.ii.Select thefile cyl spectrum.xy and click OK.Figure3.0.10shows a frequency range of0−2000Hz,withmajor and minor rules turned on.From thisfigure it can be 3-22c Fluent Inc.June20,2002Aero-Noise Prediction of Flow Across a Circular CylinderAero-Noise Prediction of Flow Across a Circular Cylinderpower db.xy and click OK .Frequency (Hz)5.00e+016.00e+017.00e+018.00e+019.00e+011.00e+021.10e+021.20e+0201e+032e+033e+034e+035e+036e+037e+038e+039e+031e+04Power Spectrum (dB)Figure 3.0.11:Plot of Power Spectrum of Sound Pressure.Figure 3.0.11shows a frequency range of 0−10kHz .6.Inspect Surface Dipole Strength.(a)Display contours of Surface Dipole Strength on surface cylin-der (Figure 3.0.12).Display −→Contours...i.In the Contours Of drop-down lists,select User-DefinedMemory and udm-0.ii.Turn offNode Values .3-24cFluent Inc.June 20,2002Aero-Noise Prediction of Flow Across a Circular Cylinder4.13e+053.72e+053.31e+052.89e+052.48e+052.07e+051.65e+051.24e+058.25e+044.12e+04-1.94e+02Figure3.0.12:Contour of Surface Dipole Strengthiii.Click on Display.The value of Surface Dipole Strength for each cell face is storedfor the center of the face on the cylinder wall.Surface DipoleStrength is the distribution of unit area contribution on thesound generating surface to the intensity of sound measuredat the observer’s location.(b)Plot Surface Dipole Strength(udm-0)on surface cylinder(Fig-ure3.0.13).Plot−→XY Plot...Figure3.0.13shows Surface Dipole Strength distribution onboth the upper and lower half cylinder faces.Extra:Once theflow simulation reaches a“dynamically steady state”, the accuracy for predicting Sound Pressure Level(SPL)and Power Spectrum is usually dependent on the number of time steps used.LES requires a mesh size as small as the length scale of eddies in the inertial sub-range.The corresponding time step size is calcu-c Fluent Inc.June20,20023-25Aero-Noise Prediction of Flow Across a Circular CylindercylinderFigure3.0.13:Plot of Surface Dipole Strengthlated by dt=Cdx/U,where C is the Courant number,and thus isvery small compared with the period T of the dominating acousticwave component(i.e.that corresponding to the frequency of thehighest peak in the power spectrum).For an accurate aero-noiseprediction,at least10periods of the dominating wave componentare required for sampling.The number of time steps for this re-quirement can be roughly estimated for theflow over the cylinder.In a certain Reynolds number range(roughly Re<50000),theStrouhal number(St=fD/U)for the dominating frequency f isabout0.2.Therefore,the period is T=D/0.2/U.From the aboveequations,the number of time steps for each period can be calcu-lated as N=T/dt=5/CD/dx.In LES,the ratio between thedomain scale D and the typical cell size dx can easily be50-100.As an example,if C is taken as order of1,N can be as high as250-500for each period.For40periods,10000-20000time stepsmay be required.Summary:This tutorial demonstrated how to set up and calculate an aero-noise problem for theflow around a cylinder,using the2D LES 3-26c Fluent Inc.June20,2002Aero-Noise Prediction of Flow Across a Circular CylinderAero-Noise Prediction of Flow Across a Circular Cylinder。