• Some area is seen as containers • The boy jumped into the water. • (the water or river as a container with walls, windows, doors, etc. with boundaries)
• we may win or lose in an argument as we may win or lose in a war. • We will attack our opponents in an argument as we will attack our enemies in a war. • We may plan tactics战术, 策略in expressing our opinions or prove our opinions, defend our opinions, and counterattack反击, 反攻in an argument as we may plan tactics, defend, and counterattack in a war • And so on.
• VISUAL FIELDSARE CONTAINERS (the space in front of us that can been seen with our eyes is conceptualized as container) • For example: • My friend is out of sight. • The ship is in sight now.
• Event, actions, activities and mental states can be metaphorically conceptualized as containers. • For example: • Are you in the contest on Sunday? (contest as a container object) • How did Mary get out of the tough work? (Event work as a container) • She is in a good state. (The abstract term state as a container)
• More examples: • My fear of insects is driving my wife crazy. • There is so much hatred in the world. • I can't keep up with the pace of modern life. • Our influence in the world has declined because of our lack of moral fiber.
2.1 container
• We view physical objects like a tub(管 道), a room, some substances like water, air, abstract states like love, or activities like cleaning, washing, as container.
1.与空间相关 与空间相关
• 1.HAPPY IS UP; SAD IS DOWN • I'm feeling up. That boosted my spirits. My spirits rose. You're in high spirits. • I'm feeling down. He's really low these days. My spirits sank. • 2.CONSCIOUS IS UP; UNCONSCIOUS IS DOWN • Get up. Wake up. I'm up already. He rises early in the morning. He fell asleep. He dropped off to • sleep. He's under hypnosis催眠状态. He sank into a coma昏迷. • 3.HEALTH AND LIFE ARE UP; SICKNESS AND DEATH ARE DOWN • She rose from the dead. He’s in top shape. As to his health, he's way up there. He fell ill. He’s sinking fast. • He came down with the flu. His health is declining. He dropped dead.

• • • • • • • •
PLETION IS UP eat up, chew up, wind up, give up 12.UNKNOWN IS UP bring up, crop up（突然出现）, and pop up （突 up , 然出现） 13.OBSTRUCTION IS UP hold up, catch up追上, 吸住, and tie up 14.WRITTEN or RECORDED IS DOWN put down, run down(浏览）, write down
• 7.HIGH STATUS IS UP; LOW STATUS IS DOWN • He has a lofty position. She'll rise to the top. He's at the peak of his career. He's climbing • the ladder. He's at the bottom of the social hierarchy. She fell in status. • 8.GOOD IS UP; BAD IS DOWN • Things are looking up. We hit a peak last year, but it's been downhill ever since. Things • are at an all-time low. • 9.VIRTUE IS UP; DEPRAVITY堕落 DOWN 堕落IS 堕落 • She is an upstanding citizen. • That was a low trick. • 10.RATIONAL IS UP; EMOTIONAL IS DOWN • The discussion fell to the emotional level, but I raised it back up to the rational plane.
3.
• One abstract concept is metaphorically structured in terms of another concrete concept . • Eg: • ARGUMENT IS WAR. • THE MIND IS A MACHINE
• ARGUMENT IS WAR • a. Your claims can be easily defended. • b. He tries to attack every weak point in my argument. • c. I can always win an argument with him, because I know his weak points in argument. • d. It seems that he has lost his target in the argument. • e. If you use that strategy, he’ll be defeated. • f. In an argument, each party should try to counterattack whenever it is possible.
2.2
• Abstract concepts are identified as visible and tangible entities, to those metaphors in which words indicating concrete visible objects are applied to abstract invisible concepts. • Eg: • The glass bottle is fragile. • Her mind is fragile.
• 4.HAVING CONTROL Or FORCE IS UP; BEING SUBJECT TO CONTROL Or FORCE IS DOWN • I am on top of the situation. He's in a superior position. He's at the height of his power. He's in the high command. • He is under my control. He fell from power. His power is on the decline. He is my social inferior. • 5.MORE IS UP; LESS IS DOWN • The number of books printed each year keeps going up. His • draft number is high. My income rose last year. The amount of artistic activity in this state has gone down in the past year. The number of errors he made is incredibly low. His income fell last year. • 6.FORESEEABLE FUTURE EVENTS ARE UP • All up coming events are listed in the paper. What's coming • up this week? I'm afraid of what's up ahead of us.