/menu/201209/198057.shtml20121. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that weaken the court's reputation for being independent and impartial.【分析】复合句。
主句主干为justices acted。
in several instances 和in ways作状语，that 引导定语从句修饰ways。
【译文】然而，在一些情况下，法官的行为方式削弱了法院保持中立且公正的名声。
【临摹】不同于硅谷的那些企业，印度这些公司在思路上可能更有创意。
2. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court's decisions will be accepted as impartial judgements.【分析】复合句，主句为That kind of activity makes it less likely, it 是形式宾语，真正的宾语是that 引导的名词性从句。
【译文】这类行为使得法院的裁定被认为是公正判决的可能性有所下降。
【词法拓展】it 作形式宾语放在动词与宾语补足语之间，指代不定式、动名词、从句等，此时，it 无实际意义。
这种情况只能用于能以名词或形容词作宾语补足语的动词后面，如feel, consider, find, believe, make, take, imagine, suppose, think, deem, regard, count 等。
3. At the very least, the court should make itself subject to the code of conduct that applies to the rest of the federal judiciary.【分析】复合句。
At the very least在句首作状语，that 引导定语从句修饰the code of conduct。
【译文】至少，法院应当服从适用于联邦司法系统其余部门的行为准则。
4. They gave justices permanent positions so they would be free to upset those in power and have no need to cultivate political support.【分析】复合句。
主句为They gave justices permanent positions, so 引导目的状语从句，从句主干为they would be free...and have no need...。
【译文】他们给予法官们终身任期，以便法官们能自由地推翻当权者，且无需拉拢政治支持。
5. Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social concepts like liberty and property.【分析】复合句。
主句为Constitutional law is political。
because 引导原因状语从句；其中分词短语rooted in... 作定语修饰choices, 介词短语like liberty and property 修饰concepts。
【译文】宪法是由植根于自由和所有权等基本社会观念的选择造成的，因此它是政治性的。
【临摹】意识形态总是植根于不断变化的权力结构与权力斗争中。
6.When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it shapes is inescapably political—which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily dismissed as unjust.【分析】多重复合句。
主句为the law...is inescapably political。
when 引导时间状语从句；it shapes 为省略引导词的定语从句，修饰the law, it 指代the court; which 引导非限定性定语从句，修饰主句，其中包含why 引导的表语从句。
【译文】当法院处理社会决策时，它适用的法律不可避免地具有政治性——这也就是为什么不同意识形态的决策容易被认为是不公正的而不予考虑。
7. The justices must address doubts about the court's legitimacy by making themselves accountable to the code of conduct.【分析】简单句。
句子主干为The justices must address doubts，介词短语about the court's legitimacy 修饰doubts，by making...作方式状语。
【译文】法官必须通过对行为准则负责来解除人们对于法院公正性的怀疑。
【点拨】1)address 在本句中作及物动词，意为“处理，对付”，如：to address an issue 处理问题。
2) accountable to 意为“对...负责”。
3) the code of conduct 意为“行为准则，行为规范”。
【临摹】当政府对人民负责时，国家才更有可能繁荣发展。
2011年1. Laughter does produce short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, boosting heart rate and oxygen consumption.【分析】简单句。
句子主干为Laughter does produce short-term changes。
介词短语in the function of...作changes 的后置定语，句末的现在分词短语boosting...作伴随状语。
【译文】“笑”确实能给心血管带来短期的变化，提高心率以及对氧气的吸收。
2. But because hard laughter is diffficult to sustain, a good laugh is unlikely to have measurable benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does.【分析】复合句。
句首为because 引导的原因状语从句。
主句的主干为a good laugh is unlikely to have measurable benefits，主句包含the way 引导的方式状语从句，say 作插入语。
【译文】但是，由于“大笑”很难持续，一场酣畅淋漓的大笑给心血管带来的好处，不可能会像散步和慢跑给心血管带来的好处那样明显可见。
3. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry because they are sad but they become sad when the tears begin to flow.【分析】复合句。
句首It 为形式主语，真正的主语为that 引导的从句。
从句由but 连接的并列复合句构成，第一个分句包含because 引导的原因状语从句，第二个分句包含when 引导的时间状语从句。
【译文】19世纪末曾有人提到：人类不是因为悲伤而哭泣，而是因为流泪而悲伤。
4. In an experiment pubished in 1988, social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of Wurzburg in Germany asked volunteers to hold a pen either with their teeth—thereby creating an artificial smile—or with their lips, which would produce a disappointed expression.【分析】复合句。
句子主干为social psychologist FritzStrack ...asked volunteers to hold a pen...。
句首的介词短语作整句话的状语；either with ...or with... 作动词hold 的方式状语，第一个状语后的现在分词短语作目的状语，第二个状语后which 引导非限定性定语从句。
【译文】1988年发表过一项实验，德国维尔茨堡大学的社会心理学家弗里茨·斯特拉克和他的同事们招募了一批志愿者。
他们让一部分人用牙齿咬住一支笔，从而在脸上制造出“人工笑脸”；或是用嘴唇叼着笔，从而产生“沮丧表情”。
5. Those forced to exercises their smiling muscles reacted more enthusiastically to funny cartoons than did those whose mouths were contracted in a frown, suggeating that expressions may inflence emotions rather than just the other way around.【分析】复合句。
主句为Those... reacted more enthusiastically to funny cartoons，过去分词短语forced to...作后置定语修饰those。
than 引导比较状语从句，该从句中的主语those 由定语从句修饰，因其较长，谓语又因与主句重复而省略为did，所以用倒装语序。
suggeating... 为现在分词结构作结果状语，其中包含that 引导的宾语从句。
【译文】那些用牙齿咬着笔，表现出笑容的人比那些用嘴唇叼着笔、表现出沮丧神情的人在看搞笑的动画片时所作出的反应更丰富。
这就证明了表情能够影响情绪，而不是情绪影响表情。
【点拨】1) contract 作名词时意为“契约，合同；婚约”；作动词时意为“缔结，订契约；染上（恶习，疾病等）；（使）收缩，（使）紧缩”。