英汉互译《中国文化概论》英汉互译：P28 Task 5 ；P64 Task 1 ；P65 Task 2课文里的句子：P61 11，13；P62 15，16；P63 19，20问答题红字部分为期末复习范围，其余的可作为各章复习的要点参考Chinese cultureSection 1 Some Traits of Chinese Culture1. What are the influences of China’s natural barriers on Chinese culture? P7第三段。
natural environment is responsible for Chineseculture in the following major aspectsfirstly ,it allows a vast living space for large numbers of tribes to survive, to move and to intermingle in the north and south of China. secondly, it nurtures a continentalculture looking inward , farming culture bent on soil, discouraging the emergence of an adventurous sea-faringpeople. thirdly, the natural barriers within the vast territories block easy communication to help create cultures, subcultures and unintelligent dialects.2. What is the traditional worldview of Chinese people? P13第一段“in terms of ... one’s lot”In terms of their worldview and philosophy of life ,the Chinese developed a rational notion of seeking for harmony and maintaining equilibrium as well as an optimistic sentiment to be content with one's lot.3. What are the national traits of Chinese people?P13第三段“the ultimate...a settle life.”The ultimate motive in seeking for harmony and maintaining equilibrium is to maintain stability-one of Chinese people's major traits.with little aggressiveness they are inclined to be satisfied with a simple and placid life. they seldom lose control of themselves, neither over-delighted,nor over-sorrowful,but imbued with persistence.they have a serene and sober dignity,and an optimistic attitude to grievances and disasters.they are skillful in dissolving injustice and calamity with tolerance and humor4. What is the nature of ancient Chinese society?P14第二段第一句以及划线部分。
China’s ancient society was patriarchal in nature, in which human relation were given priority. Mencius summed up human relations as “between father and son, there should be affection; between sovereign and minister, righteousness; between husband and wife, attention to their separate function; between old and young, a proper order; and between friends, fidelity”5. What is Chinese Zodiac?p3第一段第一句和第二段的最后一句。
The Chinese Zodiac consists of a twelve—year cycle, with each year corresponding to one of the twelve Earthly Branches and represented by a different animal.The year in which a person is born is equated with one of these twelve"Animal Year". The Chinese Zodiac is calculated according to the traditional Chinese lunar calendar unlike the Western Zodiac, which uses the solar calendar.Section 2 The Hundred Schools of Thought6. Can you describe “Contention of a Hundred Schools of Thought” in your own words?P23第一段“the hundred...discussed freely.”This period known in its earlier part as the spring and autumn period and the warring states period –in its latter part was fraught with chaos and bloody battles,it is also known as the Golden age of chinese philosophy because a broad range of thoughts and ideas were developed and discussed.7.What are the major schools of thought during the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period?Confucianism; Legalism; Taoism; Mohism; Shool of Yin-Yang; Logicians.第7题25 ，26页8. Comparison and contrast between Confucianism and Taoism.1, core thought: Confucianism concentrates on the human side,stressing the power of virtue in the human character.Taoism focuses on the Heavenly Way, emphasizing naturalness and inaction,namely letting things take their own course.2.From the political point of view, Confucianism advocates the role of rites and virtuous character. Confucianism is characterized by moral teaching and rules and regulations.Taoism stresses the rule of inaction,making light of righteousness and punishments.3.from the methodological point of view,Confucianism advocates the Golden Mean or Middle of the Road, opposing both going beyond and falling short.Taoism suggests that people stick to one end or extreme, namely the weak,the quiet, and the void hoping to gain advantages by making concessions, to use inaction against action, to defeat the strong by the weak,and to cope with shifting events by sticking to fundamental principle.第8题34，35，36页Section 3 Harmony ---- The Fundamental Spirit of Chinese Culture9. What is “harmony” in traditional Chinese philosophy? 第9题41页Harmony seeks peace,compromise,concord,and unison. Balance between man and nature,among people and between man’s body and soul.10. What do Yin and Yang represent respectively? 第10题45页Under yang are the principles of maleness, the sun, creation, heat, light, Heaven, dominance, and so on, and under yin are the principles of femaleness, the moon,completion,cold,darkness, material, submission, and so on.11. What are the Five Elements? 第11题44页They are Wood,Fire,Earth,Metal and Water.Section 4 Traditional Ethics and Ten Aspects of Righteousness12. What is the highest ethical code set by Confucius? What does it cover in a broader sense? Benevolence" as is meant in "The benevolent loves people", was the highest ethical code set by Confucius, the core of which was to "love people", i.e., to respect and care people. In a broder s ense "benevolence" covered respect, generosity, trustworthiness, kindness, intelligence, wisdom , courage, loyalty, consideration and filialness.13. What are the five constant virtues stressed by Confucianism as basic ethical codes?答: five constant virtues , namely benevolence(ren)、righteousness(yi)、propriety(li)、wisdom(zhi) and fidelity(xin)14. What do the ten aspects of righteousness refer to?答：Ten aspects of righteousness means that “Father should be loving and son f ilial; the elder brother should be good and the younger respectful; the husband should be righteous and wife obedient; the senior should be kind and the junior humble; the monarch should be benevolent and the officials loyal, which stressed the mutual ri ghts and obligations of the ten parties.”Section 5 Chinese Festivals and Customs15. What are the five major Chinese festivals?答：the Spring Festival, the Lantern Festival, the Qingming Festival, the Dragon Boat Festival, and the Mid-Autumn Festival.（来自补充内容PPT中Section5）16. Can you give some examples of similarities and the differences between Spring Festival and the Christmas Day, the Qingming Festival and the Halloween?答：【Similarities between spring festival and the Christmas day】Both are the most important festival for Chinese people and western people.【Differences】1.date 2.origin 3.home decorations 4.celebration 5.food 6. gift【Similarities between the Qingming Festival and the Halloween】Memory of the dead people 【Differences】1.date 2.origin 3.activity 4. customs(因为不是简答题，老师的课件没有答案，只写出要点，仅供参考)Section 6 Culinary Delights in China17. What are the characteristics of Chinese cuisine?答：1. Major traditions include Anhui徽菜, Cantonese, Fujian, Hunan湘菜, Jiangsu蘇菜, Shandong魯菜, Szechuan, and Zhejiang浙菜cuisines.2. The four main criteria for good Chinese food are: colour, aroma, taste and texture.3. Many traditional regional cuisines rely on basic methods of preservation such as drying, salting, pickling（腌渍） and fermentation（发酵）(来自老师补充的PPT)18. Name some traditional Fujian (Min) cuisines.Buddha Jumps Over the Wall 佛跳墙Oyster omelette 蚵仔煎Stuffed fish balls 包心鱼丸Red yeast chicken 红糟鸡Fragrant snails in wine 淡糟香螺片Meat strips with green pepper青椒肉丝Drunken ribs 醉排骨Yanpi 燕皮Misua 面线Western CultureSection 8 Ancient Greek Culture19. What are the origins of western culture?Western culture, or rather European and American culture, originates from two ancient cultures, Hellenistic culture and the Hebraic culture.(西方文化概论的第四页的第一句。