语法专讲之从句-人教版第一讲名词性从句1．主语从句（1）引导主语从句的关联代词不达意和关联副词如下：who, what, which, whichever, whatever, whoever, when, where, how, why例：What you need is more practice.When we shall have our meeting is still a question.Who will go to the conference is not important.(2)形式主语it主语从句可以放在句子后部，而用it 作形式主语放在句首，尤其是连词that 引导的主语从句常用于此种句式中。
即：it +be+adj.+that-clause。
但是，what, whatever, whoever, whichever 引导的主语从句一般不后置。
例：It is certain(that) he will come.It’s a pity(that)you missed such a good journey.It won’t make too much difference when we will start.(3) what和that引导的主语从句的区别：what作为关联代词，引导主语从句时，在从句中必须充当句子成分；而that作为连词，引阳主语从句时，其本身没有实际的意义，不充当句子成分，在句首时不能省略。
例：What I want to know is your address.That they ask for better living and working conditions is right.要特别注意连词that 用于其中的这种句型：It + be +p.p. + that-clause 例如：It is said that in China there are 50 million people with disabilities.It is hoped that the blacks will have equal rights.(4)whatever, whoever, whichever 引导的主语从句：whatever, 相当于anything that, 是 what 的强调形式，表示“什么都，任何的事或物”。
例如：Whatever she does is ridiculous.Whoever是who的强调形式，相当于anyone who ,表示“任何……的人都，凡是……的人都”。
例如：Whoever walks around in such a heavy rain will catch a cold.Which ever “ 无论哪个；无论哪些”，既指人，也指物；可以单独使用，也可修饰名词，可以跟of 短语连用。
例如：Whichever of us fulfils his task first will lend a helping hand to others.Whichever book you borrow doesn’t matter to me.(5)whether 和if 引导的主语从句的区别：whether 引导的主语从句可放在句首，也可放在后面，但if引导的主语从句一般放在句尾。
例如：Wh ether I’ll go there is not decided.It is not decided whether/if I’ll go there.2.宾语从句（1）宾语从句中的虚拟语气a. desire(愿望)，demand(要求)，insist(坚决要求)，order(命令)，request(请求)，suggest(建议)，propose（提议，建议）等词后的宾语从句用虚拟语气，宾语从句的谓语形式有两种：should + 不带to 的不定式，或者省略should，直接用不带to 的不定式。
例如：He insisted that she (should)stay here for another week.They suggested that we(should)start at once.b. wish后的宾语从句用虚拟语气，宾语从句的谓语形式有三种情况，请观察下列例名：I wish they would stop fighting.(表示对将来的愿望)I wish I could fly.(表示对现在的愿望)I wish I were(口语was) as rich as he.(表示对现在的愿望)He wishes he had tried more things at college.(表示对过去的愿望)（2）及物动词和短语动词的宾语从句在许多动词（如believe, know, think）之后that 皆可用可不用；在某些动词如（answer, imply）之后则一般需要用that. That也常出现在像assure, convince, inform, instruct sb. That, remind sb. That, tell sb. That之后。
在较长的句子里，特别在“that-从句“与动词隔开时（即：及物动词后面跟两个或两个以上的宾语从句时），that一般皆不可省。
例如：Everybody knows(that)money doesn’t grow on trees.He answered that he would go.The dealer told me how much he was prepared to pay for my car and that I could have the money without delay.短语动词（不及物动词+介词）不能跟“that从句”。
例如：He boasted about his success. = He boasted that he was successful.但以疑问词不达意开关的名词性从句前面的介词则不可省去。
例如：He boasted about how successful he was.(3)介词的宾语从句介词except, in, but后可以跟“that从句”，但在介词及短语动词后多跟“the fact that从句”。
例如：He has no special faults except that he doesn’t try hard to learn from others.His love of literature was due to the fact that his mother read poetary to him when he was a child.The fact that 从句常跟在诸如 because of , in view of(鉴于)，on account of(由于)，owing to(由于)，due to(由于)，in spite of(不管)，despite（不管），等之后。
(4)形容词的宾语从句在许多描述个人情感的形容词（如：afraid,glad,happy,pleased,sorry）或者是表示确信无疑的形容词（如certain,sure）之后皆可跟“that从句”，that可以省略。
例如：I’m sure(that)you’ll win.I’m afraid(that) we’ve sold out of tickets.(5)whether和if引导的宾语从句在动词和少数用于否定的形容词，如not sure和not certain之后，whether和if 两者都可以用。
例如：I wonder if(whether)Jack can swim in such a wide river.I’m not sure if(whether)my son can come back on time.3.表语从句（1）that和what引导的表语从句的区别：that在引导的表语从句中，充当连词的作用，没有实际意义，不作句子成分；what在引导的表语从句中，充当连接代词的作用，代替the thing(s) that,作句子成分。
例如：Our plan is that we’ll go there once a week.That’s what he said.(2)引导表语从句时，用whether,不能用if .例如：The question is whether he has signed the contract. (不能用if)（3）reason后面的表语从句用that 引导。
请比较下面两个复合句。
You must tell him the reason why ,that you won’t accept his offer.The reason why we don’t trust him is that(口语用because)he has often lied .4．同位语从句（1）能跟同位语从句的名词idea, fact, news, hope, belief, thought, doubt等名词后面，可以跟that 或者连接代词、连接副词引导的同位语从句。
同位语从句只是对前面的名词作进一步的解释，说明前面的名词具体的含义。
例如：We are surprised at the fact that the children did it all on their own.They expressed the hope that we would go and visit Germany again.(2)同位语从句和定语从句的区别：that 作为关系代词，可以引导定语从句，充当句子成分；that引导同位语从句时，起连词的作用，没有实际意义，不充当句子成分，一般不能省略。
试比较下面两个例句。
The suggestion(that) he raised at the meeting is very good.(作宾语时，可以省略)The suggestion that the students(should)have plenty of exercise is very good.(3)引导同位语从句时，用whether,不能用if .例如：The question whether the Prime Minister should resign must be decided soon.【典型例题】1._______we can’t get seem s better than _______we have.A. What; whatB. What; thatC. That; thatD. That; what2. It is generally considered unwise to give a child ______her or she wants.A. howeverB. whateverC. whereverD. whenever3.-Do you remember_____ he came ?---Yes, I do, he came by car.A. how B .when C. that D. if4._____we’ll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.A. IfB. WhetherC. ThatD. Where5. _____is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.A. ThereB. ThisC. ThatD. It【强化训练提高】1．Go and get your coat, It’s ____you left it.A. thereB. whereC. there whereD. where there2. It worried her a bit _____ her hair was turning grey.A. whileB. thatC. ifD. for3. The question is ______ the film is worth seeing.A. ifB. whatC. whetherD. how4. One of the men held the view _____ the book said was right.A. that whatB. what thatC. thatD. whether5. They received orders _____the work be done at once .A. whichB. whenC. /D. that6. Dr. Black comes from either Oxford or Cambridge ,I can’t remember_____.A. whereB. thereC. whichD. that7. ---I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.---Is that _____you had a few days off ?A. whyB. whenC. whatD. where8. The step-mother was punishing the poor girl, but she insisted that she _____the flower vase.A. didn’t breakB. not breakC. doesn’t breakD. shouldn’t break9. Can you make sure _____the gold ring ?A. where she had putB. where had she putC. where she has putD. where has she put10. Rose looks pale. What do you think ____to her?A. that has happenedB. to have happenedC. that has been happenedD. has happened11. I wish it ____fine tomorrow.A. would beB. will beC. isD. to being12. He has come , but I didn’t know that he ____ untilyesterday.A. is comingB. will comeC. was comingD. wasn’t coming13. Energy is ____ makes thing work.A. whatB. everythingC. somethingD. that14. The reason ____ I have to go is ____ my mother is ill in bed.A. why; whyB. why; becauseC. why; thatD. that; because15. He often thinks of ____ he can do more for his county.A. whatB. howC. thatD. which16. He does not think the question of____ they are men or women is important.A. whetherB. ifC. whichD. why17. It was ordered that all the soldiers ____ to the front.A. should sendB. must be sendC. should be sendD. must go18. I wish I ____ that mistake in my examination.A. did not makeB. have not makeC. do not makeD. had not made19. Air is to us ____ water is to fish.A. is thatB. whatC. whichD. that第二讲状语从句1．时间状语从句通常由从属连词when, whenever, as, while, before, after, as soon as, till(until), since, once(一旦)等引导。