The Front Vowels
There are 4 front vowels in English: /i:/, /i/, /e/, /æ/ . /i:/ is a long, close front vowel. It is unrounded and tense.【sea leave】
Three main areas



ARTICULATORY PHONETICS(发音语言 学)is study of the production of speech sounds. ACOUSTIC PHONETICS(声学语言学)is the physical properties of the speech sounds. PERCEPTUAL or AUDITORY PHONETICS(感知，听觉语言学)is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.
颤音（TRILL）【r】
触音（TAP）【t d n】city

塞擦音（AFFRICATE）【ts dz tr dr】 church【tʃ】



发音部位指辅音的发音位置，辅音可以产 生于唇与声带间的任何部位。 在国际音标中区分了11个发音部位。 ①双唇音（BILABIAL）【p b m】pet ，bet ②唇齿音（LABIODENTAL）如fire中【f】 ③齿音（DENTAL）【θð】 ④齿龈音（ALVEOLAR）【t d n s r l】 ⑤齿龈后音（POSTALVEOLAR）【ʃ ʒ】
The closing Diphthongs合口双元 音

There are five closing diphthongs in English. /ei/, /ai/ , /ɔi/, /əu/ , /au/ Байду номын сангаасei/ begins with /e/ and glides smoothly to /i/【stay say】 /ai/ glides from /a/ to /i/ . It is smooth and loudness becomes less as it progresses.【by shy】 /ɔi/ glides from a position between /ɔ/ and /ɔ:/ to /i/.【boy toy】 /əu/ starts with /ə:/ and then glides away to /u/ with the lips getting slightly rounded.【boat coat】 /au/ starts with /a/ and then glides away to /u/ with the lips getting slightly rounded.【house mouse 】


辅音
发音方式，指完成发音过程的方法. 塞音（或爆破音）STOP or PLOSIVE 【p b t d k g】 鼻音（NASAL）【m n】 擦音（FRICATIVE）【f v z ʃ h】 近音（APPROXIMANT）【w j】 边音（LATERAL）【l】



2)The part of the tongue raised : we distinguish front, back and central vowels.
3)The length of the vowel: we distinguish long vowels and short ones. 4)The position (or shape) of the lips: we distinguish rounded vowels （圆唇元音） and unrounded ones. 5)The degree of tenseness: we distinguish tense（紧张） vowels and lax vowels（宽松）.
音位学（ PHONOLOGY）





音位学主要研究一个语言中的音位归纳 问题及其组合方式和变化。 定义：音位是一个语音系统中能够区别 意义的最小语音单位。 功能：区分词义 方法：最小对比对测试 标志符号：/ /
音位变体（ALLOPHONES）
定义：一个音位中包含的几个音素，叫 这个音位的“音位变体”，同一个音位 的不同变异形式是其在特定语音环境中 具体体现. 分类： ①条件变体. 指需要一定的语言条件才会 出现的音位变体. ②自由变体.指没有环境限制，可以自由 替换而不影响意义的音位变体.
The organs of speech are capable of making many different kinds of speech sounds. From the practical standpoint, speech sounds are generally divided into







⑥卷舌音（RETROFLEX） ⑦硬腭音（PALATAL）yes yet中的【j】 ⑧软腭音（VELAR） cat get中的【k g】 ⑨小舌音（UVULAR）法语中的【r】 ⑩咽音（PHARYNGEAL） ⑾声门音（GLOTTAL）
元音
English vowels are divided into two large groups:
The Back Vowels
There are five back vowels in English: /a:/, /ɔ:/ , /ɔ/, /u:/, /u/. /a:/ is a long, open, unrounded back vowel.【class glass】

/ɔ:/ is a long, half-open, rounded back vowel. It is slightly tense. 【 door floor 】
The central Vowels
There three central vowels in English: /ʌ/ , /ə:/ , /ə/ .

/ʌ/ is a short, half-open, unrounded central vowel. It is a lax one.【couple double】 /ə:/ is a long, half-close and half-open, unrounded , tense central vowel.【 learn early】 /ə/ is a short, half-open, unrounded, lax central vowel. It only occurs in unstressed syllables.【away over】
/ɔ/ is a short, open, rounded, lax back vowel.【wash what】
/u:/ is a long, close, rounded, tense back vowel.【blue ruler】
/u/ is a short, half-close,rounded, lax back vowel【foot good 】

Monophthongs (pure vowels) （单元音） Diphthongs（双元音）

Monophthongs
There are12 monophthongs . classified according to the following principles:

1)The height of the raised part of the tongue: we distinguish open vowels, half-open vowels, half-close vowels and close vowels.
语音学＆音位学
主讲：卢生
PHONETICS

What is the Phonetics?
Phonetics studies speech sounds,including the production of speech,that is how speech sounds are actually made,transmitted and received,the discription and classification of speech sounds,words and connected speech,etc.
器官的顶端是喉，喉部有声带（vocal band）

声带的三种状态

分离：声带分离，气流通过，清音或不 带声音（voiceless）即辅音【p s t】 贴近：声带贴近，气流振动，带声音 (voiced)，浊音[b z d]即为带声辅音。
紧闭：声带紧闭，气流无法通过，即为 声门塞音


The classification of Speech sounds
Diphthongs（双元音）

There are three centring diphthongs: /iə/, /ɛə/, /uə/
/iə/ glides from /i/ to /ə/. The lips are spread throughout.【idea here】 /ɛə/ glides from a point between /e/ and /æ/ . The lips are spread.【pear wear】 /uə/ 【sure】
Vowels and Consonants.
元音和辅音

Vowels are sounds produced without obstruction of the air stream in the mouth. In producing them there is vibration of the vocal cords, so all vowels are voiced . In English there are twenty vowels in all. Consonants are sounds produced by some form of obstruction of the air passage and be either voiced or voiceless . There are twenty-eight consonants in English.