第八节正反译法一英语为肯定式，汉语译作否定式1. The first bombs missed the target.2. Predictably, it was Mike who released the secret to Mary.3. The explanation is pretty thin.4. It was beyon d his ability to undertake this task.5. Time is what we want most, but what, alas, many use worst.6. The general would rather fight to death before he surrendered.7. Both sides thought that the peace proposal was one they could accept with dignity.8. Don’t lose time in cleaning this machine.9. I dropped medicine and took up physics．10. He failed to set a good example for his kids.二英语为否定式，汉语译作肯定式1. He manifested a strong dislike for his father’s business.2. He was an indecisive sort of person.3. The examination left no doubt that the patient had died of cancer.4. Don’t lose the opportunities to practice English.5. Some people can eat what they like and get no fatter．6. The washroom is at the next corner，you can't miss it．三同一词语，既可译作肯定式，又可译作否定式1. The machine is far from being complicated.2. She is anything but a bright student.3. The square is no distance at all.翻译实践:1. She was at a loss to know what to do.2. His refusal was not final.3. I hate to say good-bye.4. My father will kill me when he finds out the truth.5. Many students went to class before they had prepared their lesson.6. In Greek myth, Helen’s beauty is beyond compare.7. The newspaper accounts are far from being true.8. He is the last man I want to see.9. I’ll do anything but that.10. Your temper is more than I can bear.11. “How are you?” “I couldn’t feel better.”12. There is no rule but has exceptions.13. You can’t be too careful.14. She is not a little interested in American Literature.15. He never met her afterwards without asking her the same question.16. She’s not stupi d, merely ignorant.17. Don’t lose time in catching up with us.18. Though they’ve held several meetings, the problem is still unsolved.第九节被动语态的译法一、翻译成汉语的主动句（一）原句中的主语在译文中仍做主语1. Nuclear power’s danger to health, safety and even life itself can b e summed up into one word : radiation..2. On their domestic stations events in the Middle East were dismissed briefly.3. Since this club was set up one month ago, more than 300 people have joined in it.（二）原文中的主语在译文中作宾语1. He said he was assured by the State Department that the U.S. is willing to normalize relationswith his country.2. The house has been sold out.3. It would be astonishing if that loss were not keenly felt.（三）翻译成带表语的主动句1 The decision to attack was not taken lightly.2 All scientific and technological achievements are founded on rational thinking, without which there would have been no science.（四）译为汉语的无主句1. The unpleasant noise must be immediately put an end to.2. Due care must be taken to ensure that the pulse signal itself shall show no irregularities and no interruptions.(五) 有些含有形式主语的英语句子，在英译汉时常改为主动句，可在汉译中加上主语“有人”、“人们”、“我们”、“大家”等，有的也可以不加。

例如：It is said that．．．据说……It is believed that．．．据信……It was told that．．．据传……It is reported that．．．据报道……It is supposed that．．．据推测．．．It is estimated that… 据估计……It is hoped that．．．人们希望……It is asserted that．．．有人主张……It is generally considered/accepted/ that．．．人们普遍认为……It is well-known that．．．众所周知……It must be admitted that．．．必须承认……It must be pointed out that．．．需指出的是……It will be said that．．．有人会说……It could be argued that… 有人可能会提出……It may be said without fear of exaggeration that… 可以毫不夸张地说……It will be seen from this that… 由此可见……二、翻译成汉语的被动句（一）“被------”或“给------”1. He was scolded by his math teacher in class this morning.2. On his way home he was beaten.（二）“（遭）受到------”1. They were given hearty welcome.2. The coastal villages are subjected to typhoon.（三）“为------所”1. The then situation was not controlled by him.2. Socialist ideology has been accepted by the people of the whole country.（四）译成“把”、“使”和“由”字句1. His whole family were killed by the cruel Jap invaders.2. The whole village has been practically destroyed by a big flood.3. The research team is made up of two distinguished professors and five college students.翻译实践:1. Many elements in nature are found to be mixtures of different isotopes.2. While she was dreaming of making a big fortune, she was sold secretly.3. Your behaviors are rejected by most of the people.4. Medicine should be stored away from children.5. If the capital won’t be obtained on time, the whole project has to be terminated.6. Another flyover will be opened to traffic by the end of this year.7. When two objects are rubbed together, electrons are transmitted from one object to the other.8. Resistance is measured in Ohm.9. This ship is destined for London.10. These machines are operated by one worker only.11. A large sum of money has been put aside for that project.12. Heat treatment is used so as to improve the properties of metals.13. Numerous cases were cited to sustain his opinion.14. This workshop has been mechanized completely.15. Liars are not believed even when they tell the truth.课后作业（将下面的段落翻译成汉语）As oil is found deep in the ground, its presence cannot be determined by a study of the surface. Consequently, a geological survey of the underground rocks structure must be carried out. If it is thought that the rocks in a certain area c ontain oil, a “drilling rig” is assembled. The most obvious part of a drilling rig is called “a derrick”. It is used to lift sections of pipe, which are lowered into the hole made by the drill. As the hole is being drilled, a steel pipe is pushed down to prevent the sides from falling in. If oil is struck, a cover is firmly fixed to the top of the pipe and the oil is allowed to escape through a series of valves.第十节分句和合句译法一、分句法（一）将原文中的一个单词译成句子1. That is a NATO matter and any comment on it should appropriately come from NA TO.2. That region was the most identifiable trouble spot.3. As a place to live, it left much to be desired. As a secret training base for a revolutionary new plane, it was an excellent site, its remoteness effectively masking its activity.（二）将原文中的短语译成句子1. She sat with her hands cupping her chin, staring at a corner of the kitchen.2. So China has built new and increasingly strong links, in both directions, with world markets. These links have contributed to creation of new jobs, new prosperity for China.3. Their power increased with their number.（三）将原文的单句译成两个或以上的句子1. A growing minority of Western intellectuals agreed this viewpoint.2. She had made several attempts to help them find other rental quarters without success.3. I’m sure I wish I had been a hundred miles off rather than have heard what I’ve heard.翻译实践:1. They, not surprisingly, did not respond at all.2. Genera lly, one’s desire is hard to meet---a human nature.3. Most parents might have spoken with understandable pride of their children.4. She had long been held in cordial contempt by her husband; now that contempt was no longer cordial.5. She said she felt at home when being with him, moving confidently without fear.6. Sunrays filtered in wherever they could, driving out darkness and chocking the shadows.7. He finished the race within 20 seconds, a record never touched before in his country.8. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, a universally accepted law.9. My father was not wrong in judging me too young to manage business of importance.10. He arrived in Washington at a ripe moment internationally.11. A naïve projection of their past growth rates into the future was likely to greatly overstate their real prospects.12. The ancient people tried unsuccessfully to explain how a rainbow is formed.13. In the days that followed, I learned to spell in this uncomprehending way a great many words.14. Sometimes to his delight, he was allowed to take short trips outside his house.15. Men are too clever to let themselves be cheated by fashion designers.16. Another round of war in that region clearly will put strains on international relations.17. His failure to observe the safety regulation resulted in an accident to the machine.二、合句法（一）将原文中两个或两个以上的简单句译成一个单句1. She was very busy at home. She has to take care of the children and do the kitchen work.2. Here there are students from all over the country. Many of them are from the north.（二）将原文的主从复合句译成一个单句1. When I negotiate, I get nervous. When I get nervous, I eat.2. I knew every spot where a murder or robbery had been committed.3. He is a man who forgives and forgets.4. It is well known to all of us that he cheated in the final examinations.（三）将原文中的并列句译成一个单句1. In 1844 Engels met Marx, and they became friends.2. The time was 10:30 and the traffic on the street was light.翻译实践:1. He was very clean. His mind was open.2. He shook his head. He looked at the black wall. The girl’s face was there, really quite beautiful in memory: astonishing in fact.3. I am blest if I know.4. Nixon once said: “When we praise the Chinese leadership and the people, we are not merely being polite.”第十一节定语从句的翻译（一）前置法（适用于比较短的定语从句），使用最广。