动词-ing形式作表语定语，宾补及状语的用法一、动词-ing形式作表语1.表示主语的内容,可以转换到句首作主语Her job is keeping the lecture hall as clean as possible. (= keeping the lecture hall as clean as possible is her job)她的工作是尽量使报告厅保持干净。
2.表示主语具有的特征、性质和状态(动词ing相当一个形容词）The problem is quite puzzling.这个问题很令困惑。
3.常用来作表语的现在分词有astonishing, amusing, confusing, disappointing, boring, encouraging, inspiring, moving, tiring, interesting, surprising等。
全析提示：动词-ing形式作表语时，其逻辑主语往往是句子中的主语，但用作表语的-ing形式也可带有自己的逻辑主语。
What worries me most is her staying too late every night. (staying too late every night的逻辑主语是her)二、动词-ing形式作定语1单个的动词-ing形式可以作前置定语，一般具有两种含义。
①说明被修饰名词的用途和性能。
a reading room = a room which is used for reading 阅览室running shoes =shoes for running 跑鞋a working method =a method for working 工作方法②表示所修饰的人或物的动作或状态，在意思上接近一个定语从句，可以表示正在进行的动作，也可表示经常性动作或当时的状态。
developing countries = countries that are developing发展中国家an ordinary-looking house = a house that looks ordinary看起来很普通的房子a puzzling problem = a problem that puzzles somebody困扰人的问题2作定语的动词-ing形式如是一个短语，则应放在被修饰词的后面,做后置定语，相当于一个定语从句。
They lived in a house facing south.(=which is facing south)他们住在一所朝南的房子里。
Do you know the boy playing basket?（=Who is playing basket)你认识在打篮球的那个小男孩吗？The man visiting Japan (=the man who is visiting Japan ) is my uncle正在访问日本的那个男人是我的叔叔。
三、动词-ing形式作宾补1、动词-ing形式作宾语补足语常放在宾语后面，表示一个正在进行的主动性的动作，强调一个过程或一种状态。
When we returned, we found a stranger standing in front of the house.2、当主句转换为被动结构时,原来作宾语补足语的动词-ing形式便转换为主语补足语。
They found the film very exciting.= The film is found very exciting.3、能用-ing形式作宾语补足语的几类动词:1)表示感觉和心理状态的感官动词，（常见的有see, hear, feel, smell, find, notice, observe, look at, listen to等）+ sb + doing sth（作宾补）I felt somebody standing behind me.2)表示指使意义的动词使役动词，（常见的有have, set, keep, get, catch, leave 等）+sb/ sth + doing sth (作宾补）We kept the fire burning all night long.我们让火整夜燃烧着。
I won‘t have you running about in the room.我不允许你在房间里跑来跑去。
4、see, hear, feel, watch等动词之后用-ing形式和动词不定式作宾语补足语的区别：We heard the telephone ring.We heard the telephone ringing.前者表示动作正在进行，后者表示（或强调）动作的全过程。
四、动词-ing形式作状语动词-ing形式可以作状语，在句中表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式或伴随情况等。
动词-ing形式作时间、原因、条件、让步状语时多位于句首；作结果、伴随情况状语时常位于句末。
1表示时间，相当于一个时间状语从句。
Having made full preparations, we are ready for the examination.我们已经作好了充分准备，现在可以应考了。
(= After we have made full preparations...)2表示原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。
Being ill, he didn't go to school yesterday.由于生病，他昨天没有上学。
(= Since he was ill...)3表示结果，相当于一个并列谓语。
His father died, leaving him a lot of money.= and left him a lot of money.他父亲死了，留给他许多钱.4表示条件，相当于一个条件状语从句。
Working hard at your lessons, you will succeed.=If you work hard at your lessons...如果你努力学习，就一定能成功。
5表示让步，相当于一个让步状语从句。
Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage.= Although they knew all this...尽管知道了一切情况，他们还是要我赔偿损失。
6表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明，相当于一个并列结构。
He lay on the grass, staring at the sky for a long time.= ...and stared at the sky for a long time他躺在草地上，长时间地望着天空。
练习题1. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of verbs.1)_______(clean) women in big cities usually get paid by the hour.2)All of us watched the hunter ________ (bring) down the dangerous bear.3)When he woke up, he found himself ________ (lie) in hospital.4)Electricity lines were brought down by ___________ (fall) trees in thestorm.5)The tall building _________ (build) now will be a hospital.6)The man ________ (wear) a sad look said, "I've lost my wallet."7)—What is a water can used for?—It's used to _________ (water) flowers or something like that.8)There was a terrible noise __________ (follow) the sudden burst of light.9)The missing boy was last seen _________ (play) near the river.10)In parts of Asia you must not sit with your feet _______ (point) at anotherperson.2.-ing形式作补语练与析从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
1. Though I have often heard this song ______, I have never heard you ______ it.A. being sung; sangB. sang; singingC. sung; singD. to be sung; to sing2. It was so cold that they kept the fire ______ all night.A. to burnB. burnC. burningD. burned3. He looked around and caught a man ______ his hand into the pocket of a passenger.A. putB. to be puttingC. to putD. putting4. —Did you meet anyone ______ at the party?—No, in fact, I found the party rather ______.A. interesting; boringB. interested; boringC. interesting; boredD. interested; bored5. The salesman scolded the girl caught ______ and let her off.A. to have stolenB. to be stealingC. to stealD. stealing6. Don’t leave the water_______ while you brush your teeth.A. runB. runningC. being runD. to run7. The _______ boy was last seen _______ near the East Lake.A. missing; playingB. missing; playC. missed; playedD. missed; to play8. A cook will be immediately fired if he is found _______ in the kitchen.A. smokeB. smokingC. to smokeD. smoked。