上海高考完形填空真题专题解析2016年上海高考III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.In the 1960s, Douglas McGregor, one of the key thinkers in the art of management, developed the mow famous Theory X and Theory Y. Theory X is the idea that people instinctively 51 work and will do anything to avoid it. Theory Y is the view that everyone has the potential to find satisfaction in work.In any case, despite so much evidence to the 52 , many managers still agree to Theory X. They believe, 53 , that their employees need constant supervision if they are to work effectively, or that decisions must be imposed from 54 without consultation. This, of course, makes for authoritarian (专制的) managers.Different cultures have different ways of 55 people. Unlike authoritarian management, some cultures, particularly in Asia, are well known for the consultative nature of decision-making—all members of the department or work group are asked to 56 to this process. This is management by the collective opinion. Many western companies have tried to imitate such Asian ways of doing things, which are based on general 57 . Some experts say that women will become more effective managers than men because they have the power to reach common goals in a way that traditional 58 managers cannot.A recent trend has been to encourage employees to use their own initiative, to make decisions on their own without 59 managers first. This empowerment (授权) has been part of the trend towards downsizing: 60 the number of management layers in companies. After de-layering in this way, a company may be 61 with just a top level of senior managers, front-line managers and employees with direct contact with the public. Empowerment takes the idea of delegation (委托) much further than has 62 been the case. Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management control to 63 that the overall business plan is being followed, and that operations become more profitable under the new organization, rather than less.Another trend is off-site or 64 management, where teams of people linked bye-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses. Project managers evaluate the 65 of the team members in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them.51. A. desire B. seek C. loseD. dislike52. A. contrary B. expectation C. degreeD. extreme53. A. vice versa B. for example C. howeverD. otherwise54. A. outside B. inside C. belowD. above55. A. replacing B. assessing C. managingD. encouraging56. A. refer B. contribute C. objectD. apply57. A. agreement B. practice C. electionD. impression58. A. bossy B. experienced C. westernD. male59. A. asking B. training C. warningD. firing60. A. doubling B. maintaining C. reducingD. estimating61. A. honored B. left C. crowdedD. compared62. A. economically B. traditionally C. inadequately D. occasionally63. A. deny B. admit C. assumeD. ensure64. A. virtual B. ineffective C. day-to-dayD. on-the-scene65. A. opinion B. risk C. performanceD. attractiveness【解析】试题分析：本文是说明文，作者在第一段中提出道格拉斯·麦克雷戈所提出的人性假设理论中的X理论和Y理论，并介绍了现代社会中一种新型管理理论：授权管理及其作用。
51.答案D。
X理论认为人们天生讨厌工作会做任何事来避免工作。
desire想要；seek寻找；lose失去；dislike不喜欢。
52.答案A。
在任何情况下，尽管相反的理论有很多证据，但是经理们仍然同意X理论。
contrary相反；expectation期望；degree程度；extreme极端。
53.答案B。
例如，他们认为如果要有效工作他们的员工需要持续的督导，或者说决策必须从上级强制执行而不需要咨询。
根据前文提出许多管理者认同X理论，本句应该具体讲认同者的理由，因此选择for example（例如）。
vice versa 反之亦然；for example例如；however然而；otherwise否则。
54.答案D。
不同文化有不同方式去管理人民。
outside在外面；inside在里面；below在下面；above在上面。
55.答案C。
与独裁管理不同的是，某些文化，尤其是在亚洲的一些，人们众所周知的是它们制定决策的活动有咨询的本质—部门或工作小组的全体人员都被要求为这个过程作出贡献。
replace代替；assess评估；manage管理；encourage 鼓励。
56.答案B。
与独裁管理不同的是，某些文化，尤其是在亚洲的一些，人们众所周知的是它们制定决策的活动有咨询的本质—部门或工作小组的全体人员都被要求为这个过程作出贡献。
refer查看；contribute贡献；object反对；apply应用。
57.答案A。
许多西方公司已经尝试去模仿亚洲人的做事方式，这类方式是以广泛同意为根基的。
agreement一致；practice练习；election选举；impression印象。
58.答案D。
某些专家表示女人会成为比男人更起作用的管理者，因为她们有能力通过一种传统男性管理者不能使用的方式去实现共同目标。
bossy专横的；experienced有经验的；western西方的；male男性的。
59.答案A。
最近的潮流是鼓励员工使用他们自身的主动性，不先询问经理而是去独立做决定。
ask询问；train训练；warn警告；fire开除。
60.答案C。
授权已经成为了减缩趋势的组成部分：减少公司管理层的人数。
double加倍；maintain维持；reduce减少；estimate估计。
61.答案B。
用这种方式减少层级以后，一个公司可能只剩下一层最高层级的高级管理者：减少了公司的管理层级。
honour授予荣誉；be left with被留下；被剩下；be crowded with拥挤着；be compared with与……比较。
62.答案B。
授权把委托的想法延伸到比传统的情况更深远的程度。
economically 经济地；traditionally传统地；inadequately不足地；occasionally偶尔地。