• Definition 2: • Pragmatics is the study of all those aspects of meaning not captured in a semantic theory. • 语用学是对所有那些未能纳入语意理论 的意义侧面的研究。
• Definition 3: • Pragmatics is the study of the relations between language and context that are basic to an account of language understanding. • 语用学是对语言和语用之间对于说明语 言理解来说是十分根本的那些关系的研 究。
Component vs. perspective分相论与 综观论
• • Component view of pragmatics Davis points out in his book Pragmatics: A Reader(1991) that pragmatics, like phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics, is a component of linguistics. • Perspective view of pragmatics Verschueren(1999) proposes that pragmatics is not a component of linguistics, but a new way of looking at language. Pragmatics is specified as “a general cognitive, social, and cultural perspective on linguistic phenomena in relation to their usage in forms of behavior”(Verschueren,1999) 语用学是语言各个方面的功能总览, 即研究人类生活中语言的 认知、社会和文化的功能。
[Morris, 1938, Foundations of the Theory of Signs, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.]
They use the term in their study of semiotics. They divide the research of semiotics into three branches: syntactics, semantics, and pragmatics.
• • •ຫໍສະໝຸດ Main branches (scope) of linguistics
• Internal branches: intra-disciplinary divisions • phonetics 语音学 • phonology 音系学（音位学） • morphology 词法学 • syntax 句法学 • semantics 语义学 • pragmatics 语用学
Chapter 1 Background and definitions
1. the background of pragmatics 2. the definitions of pragmatics ponent vs. perspective分相论与综观论 es of pragmatics 5.the aims of pragmatics 6. the branches of pragmatics 7.the relation between pragmatics and semantics
Phonetics Phonology Morphology Syntax Semantics Pragmatics
• 语用学是一种旨在描述说话人如何使用一种语 言的句子来达到成功的交际的理论
• Definition 8: • Pragmatics is the study of language use and linguistic communication. • ( Akmajian, 1979:267 ) • 语用学是对语言的使用和语言交际进行 的研究。
• Definition 6: • Pragmatics is the study of linguistic acts and the contexts in which they are performed. • ( Stalnakeer, 1972:383 ) • 语用学是对语言行为以及实施这些行为 的语境所作的研究。
• Definition 4: • Pragmatics is the study of the ability of language users to pair sentences with the contexts in which they would be appropriate. • 语用学是对语言使用者把句子和使这些 句子得以合适的语境相匹配的能力的研 究。
Definitions of Pragmatics
• Levinson (1983:6---27) listed about ten definitions about pragmatics: • Definition 1: • Pragmatics is the study of those relations between language and context that are grammaticalized, or encoded in the structure of a language. • 语用学是对在一种语言的结构中被语法化或被 编码的那些语言和语境之间的关系的研究
Warm up
• What does the boy still need to learn about using language? • A little boy comes in the front door. • Mother: Wipe your feet, please. • He removes his muddy shoes and socks and carefully wipes his clean feet on the doormat.
• Definition 9: • Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how utterances have meanings in situations. • ( Leech, 1983:x ) • 对语用学可以这样定义：它是对话语怎 样在情景中获得意义的研究。
Pragmatics
• Pragmatics is the study of how the speaker produces and how the hearer understands the peculiar uses of language. which
focuses on language users (intention, status, age, sex, etc.).
• definition 7: • Pragmatics is a theory which seeks to characterise how speakers use the sentences of a language to effect successful communication. • ( Kempson, 1975:84 )
作为一个独立的学科门类有三个标志p2： A、1977年在荷兰创刊的《语用学杂 志》”Journal of Pragmatics”,Pragmatics(1991),Concise Encyclopedia of Pragmatics(1998) B、1985年在意大利召开的第一次国际语用学大 会 C、1986年正式建立的国际语用学会(The International Pragmatics Association[IPrA])。
• Definition 5: • Pragmatics is the study of deixis ( at least in part), implicature, presupposition, speech acts, and aspects of discourse structure. • 语用学是对指示（ 至少是其中的一部分 ）、含义、前提、言语行为以及话语结 构各个侧面的研究。
Another American philosopher advanced the theory of principle. It contributes a explanation of communicative means of language.
H.P. Grice, co-operative lot to the activities by
语用学
Pragmatics: An Introduction
Purposes of a course in pragmatics:
• Just as we don't learn how to translate in order to do translation, so we don't have to learn pragmatics in order to use language. Yet, pragmatic knowledge does serve to • --enhance pragmatic awareness; • --promote pragmatic competence; • --enable pragmatic analysis.
Philosophers also contributed to the occurrence of pragmatics. In the late 50s, the British philosopher J. Austin created speech act theory. This theory is of significance in the study of pragmatics. It has become the core theory of the study of pragmatics. It also greatly influenced such linguistic fields as psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics and applied linguistics.