3
Some inventions
• The safety pin • Electric iron • Dry cleaning • The zip fastener
in 1849. in 1882 common 1930s. in1855. in 1893.
4
the political system
middle class opinions on political and moral problems
8
• 5. Coffeehouse: informal meeting house
• time: later half of 17and18 century • People: all classes • clubs
17
Cannels
travel
dangerous highwaymen
Smuggling was also very common
15
• Tim Lambert • A computer scientist in the university of
South Wales
16
Thank you heartily
6
Society and Life
1. Population: mid of 18th
2 million
late
over 9 million
2. Main form of wealth :
owning land
Political power and influence : landowners
3. Class: top
5
War
The reign of kings or queen: Queen Anne [1702—1714]
George 1 [1714—1727]
George 2 [1727—1760]
George 3 [1760—1820]
the War of Spanish Succession with France 1702—1714
Furniture
• In 1778 Joseph Bramah invented patented the modern water closet.
14
Transport
• turnpike trusts : [税收] 收费高速公路；收税关卡
first in 1663 common in 18th century
9
The new morality
• Against the fanaticism of the Puritans • Enjoy peace and prosperity
10
Town
Obviously: larger
Particularly: in the Midland and the North of Engich landowner—gentry
middle merchants and professional men
below
craftsmen and laborers
7
The Times
4. Newspapers and Journals:
5. 6. parties
ideas
the third was left fallow (unused).
12
Food
• Little change:
ordinary people remained plain and monotonous
Poor people: bread and potatoes
Tea:
very common
13
the War of Austrian Succession
1740—1748
the Seven Years’ War with France
1756—1763
By the end of 18th century England had become the leading
Naval power in Europe.
2
Industrial Revolution
• Time: late 18th century • steam engines • Higher living standard , more people in towns and cities • The first mechanized industry: textile industry • • The UK was the first industrial country in the world
The background of 18th century in UK
1
1 Industrial Revolution 2 Political system 3 War 4 Society and life 5 Morality 6 Towns 7 Agriculture 8 Food 9 Furniture 10 Transport
London
nearly 1 million end of century
11
Agriculture
• Transformed by the industrial revolution
• Invention:
seed drill
• most lands
into 3 fields.
•
Each year 2 fields sown with crops
the constitutional monarchy[君主立宪制度]
Parties: the Tory[托利党]
the Whig[辉格党]
Parliament: the Prime Minister
首相
His/Her Cabinet
内阁
the House of Lords
上院
the House of Commons 下院