毕业设计（论文）译文及原稿译文题目：影视旅游：测量和其他问题的挑战节选自原文P316-332原稿题目：MOVIE-INDUCED TOURISM: THE CHALLENGE OFMEASURENMENT AND OTHER ISSUESForm P316-332原稿出处：Busby G，Klug J.Movie induced tourism:The challenge of measurement and other issue[J].Journal of V acation Marking，2001，7(4):316-332.影视旅游：测量和其他问题的挑战摘要关键词:影视旅游，文学旅游，目的地在英国，在文献和地方旅游营销推广方面，很少有与影视景点相关的研究，其中包括电视节目的拍摄地点。
本研究探讨了旅游的概念与电影引起的广泛的文化和文学旅游现象。
测量的挑战被认为是一个对游客的小规模的调查，是在由休·格兰特和茱莉亚罗伯茨主演的电影而闻名的伦敦诺丁山进行。
结果显示，客人的调查资料与从文献中得出的研究结果是相当一致的；结果表明，许多游客到诺丁山游览前就已经有相当明确的目的地形象。
大量的受访者知道其他的电视和电影拍摄的地方，而且有相当多的受访者表示在未来会考虑去这些地方。
约三分之二的受访者都同意这样一个事实，因电视节目和电影的影响而到某个区域旅游。
它显示了一个整体意识以及人们对影视旅游现象的接受。
1. 介绍与影视相关的旅游包括参观因与书、作者、电视节目和电影有关联而著名的地方。
根据泰特莱的观点，影视旅游作为与电影和电视相关的一种活动，已经人尽皆知，是一个随着经济的重要性加强而有利可图的并且快速增长的旅游业的一部分。
影视不仅提供了短期就业和宣传了目的地，而且也提供了长期的与旅游业有关的机会。
借助促销材料如英国旅游局的电影地图和当地权威营销活动来确定电影拍摄地点已成为当代休闲活动。
当人们在寻求在“银幕”上看到的风景或者地点时，他们成为影视引致游客。
很多国家，尤其是英国，被电影或电视节目收录其中的旅游目的地已经出现了游客数量的戏剧性增长。
然而，关于影视在宣传旅游目的地方面的影响的研究很少。
此外，莱利指出了一个还没有实证调查过的现象，那些出席电影院或在家里看录像的人，他们的关于旅游目的地的偏好和选择可能会收到电影的影响。
小说、梦想和旅游影响三者之间的关系久已有之。
虽然电影起初是作为娱乐进行消费，而不是更深层次的洞察力，但是很明显，当他们作为游客去参观这些被描述过的地方时，在影视中的印象已经使他们形成了一些基础的理解和期望。
表1在文献中提供了一个较为全面的概述；他们潜在的优点和缺点如图1中所示。
本研究的目的是要概括影视旅游在涉及更广泛的文化和文学旅游现象方面的概念，其中包括建设地点。
测量概念的挑战是通过一个有关诺丁山的小规模的研究的展示，地位与好莱坞电影齐名。
几个相关的问题需要进一步考虑。
2．文献综述2.1 影视旅游的定义范围和意义埃文斯表明影视旅游包括“由于目的地登上了电视、视频或电影屏幕，结果游客游览目的地或景点。
”无论是对男性还是女性，看电视都仍然是一个国家最常见的家庭休闲活动；电影和电视已经成为社会文化的一部分，渗透到了个人世界，从而形成人们理解的一部分。
媒体已经成为意识和领导风格的一个主要的表现手段，给数以百万计的人带来世界奇观和让她们见识到各种遥远的自然环境，由此带来兴奋感；通过这些手段，人们渴求见识和经历的欲望会变得更加强烈。
有一些讨论媒体的影响和使人们获得图像、信息和旅游目的地知名度的途径的作者，巴特勒是其中一个，认为这反过来，形成他们选择住在哪里和如何游览:“暗示图片和电视电影都对人的品味和想法有一个强大的影响”的基础。
毫无疑问，电影和电视节目成功创造了在他们各自的目的地的游客数量的增长。
这种现象在全球范围内都已经有了实际证明:名为《鳄鱼邓迪和疯狂的麦克斯》的电影，已经影响了去澳大利亚的游客的增长数量。
《与狼共舞》，《亲密接触》和《梦想之地》，与它们各自有关的美国电影拍摄地点因此成为了具有吸引力的游览胜地。
温特塞镇是演员约翰·韦恩的出生地点，它是一个乡村城镇，出现在罗伯特·詹姆斯·沃勒的电影《廊桥遗梦》:在1995年夏天，来自21个国家的4200位居民参加了220个的大型聚会，这件事被引入到这部电影。
电影《拯救大兵瑞恩》在成功播映后，使得前往诺曼底的美国游客量有了40%的增长；此外，诺曼底的旅游发起人确定了有关更多不同年龄范围的游客的一项结果——不仅仅是退伍军人纪念诺曼底登陆。
表2确定了一系列已经把各自的区域放到受游客欢迎的旅游目的地的电影集当中。
许多作者都认为电影在作为吸引游客的吸引因素的方面是有影响力的，也就是在具有“推力”的区域成为“拉力”的因素。
在英国，一连串的的电影例如《玛丽·波平斯阿姨》(1964)，《四个婚礼和一个葬礼》(1994)，《狂热》(1996)，《不可能完成的任务》(1996)和《滑动门》(1998)等等，已成功的将他们的影视外景地转变到了游览胜地，同时被许多游客认为是值得参观的地方。
同样地，电视作品，例如《Bergerac 》，《Emmerdale 》，《Peak Practice 》，《Wycliffe 》，《Inspector Morse 》，《Heartbeat 》和《Coronation Street 》已经影响了英国的一些地区和城镇；这是因为许多在英国制作的电视和电影影片，非常畅销国外，然后导致观众写信给酒店和旅游办公室来预订，或假期旅游，游览他们在影视作品当中所看到的地点。
这些只是几个例子，从大范围来说，证明了媒体在影响旅游方面的力量；作为一个因素，在大多数情况下，充分考虑和由现今的旅游当局努力促进文化发展而建立，因此电影诱发旅游。
讨论的焦点已经集中在电影的影响；然而，许多电影和电视节目实际上已经改编自通俗小说，如伊夫林·沃的《旧地重游》，Rosamunde Pilcher 的众多故事。
德国游客，特别是有前往过英格兰的西方乡村，遵循“ Rosamunde Pilcher Trail ”来参观曾经进行影视拍摄的地区，以及享受在德国电视上播放过的改编自这样的小说例如《结束的夏天》，《云在地平线上》，《风的希望和暴风雨的定期接触》中的浪漫风景。
当小说改编成电视剧时，一个地方当局还可以获得更进一步的利益；那部在1995年改编成的作品，Rosamunde Pilcher 的《四月的雪》改编成的广播估计给德国当地的康沃尔郡的经济注入了750000英镑。
来自Penwith 区议会的旅游局主管迈克·福克斯里评论道：这提供了比他们能达到的增进的预算的更大的覆盖范围。
同样地，在另一个流派，在1994年播出的W·J·伯利侦探故事包含大量突出康沃尔郡的风景的镜头，吸引了1000万观众到威克利夫旅游。
文学和影视旅游也是有联系的，因为一些电视节目(例如，兰利的国家，呈现出来的启发了托马斯·哈代的景点)追踪那些地方，就会发现显然是联系到那些知名的作家或者小说。
2.2 文学旅游很明显，现在许多电影和电视剧的地位应当归功于将文学放在第一位；文学旅游是一个重要的和不断增长的旅游业的一部分，“与因文学描述或者文学人物有关而著名的地方” 。
旅游就源自于与受大众欢迎的文学作品或者有地位的个人作者的影响，人们受到吸引去这些与他们写的或者有关联的地方。
参观这样的目的地“允许接触到这些与著名人物有关的地方，允许欣赏和可能有机会亲自接触工艺品和纪念品；这样的设置使得相互之间的联系得到有效的加强” 。
巴特勒文档中的四种形式的文学旅游，见表3，以及被提议的有五分之一的形式是有关游记的影响。
赫伯特指出“这些与文学相关的地方是作家真正生活的世界与小说中描绘的世界的融合” 。
游客可以被吸引到作家生活过和工作过的房屋，被曾经被写到了他们的小说中的风景吸引。
此外，珀库克指出，“许多经典作品受到与以往任何时候通过电视和电影院屏幕相比更广泛的传播”。
从某种意义上讲，两种形式的旅游，不管是文学旅游还是影视旅游都是非常类似的；事实上，他们甚至可以在许多方面互相替换。
对影视旅游来说，那里是一个真实与幻想的合并，被赋予了特别的文学意义的地方。
然而，尽管文学继续在流行文化中发挥着至关重要的作用，但是在21世纪，媒体的定义是电影和电视。
一个说明几个媒体的结合的例子是作品《铁路边的孩子》；这本小说由伊迪丝·尼斯贝特在1906年写作的，然后在1970年被改编成电影，并由珍妮·艾加特主演当中年龄最大的女孩。
在2000年，电影又出现了一个新的版本，但它不是一个根据制片人查尔斯·艾尔顿的意愿而再制作的电影；更确切的说，它是源自1906年的那本书，而且他们是“试着更加忠于原著小说”。
珍妮·艾加特这一次主演的是孩子的母亲。
然而，在约克夏郡的乡下Keighley和北部的山谷的那段铁路，曾用于1970年的电影拍摄。
新版本则使用了在苏塞克斯的蓝铃铁路，解决了被连续多年困扰的真实性问题。
对于纯粹主义者来说，这可以看出，对消费者来说，最新的媒介是有用的:关于铁路的网站促进他们的版本的变化。
MOVIE-INDUCED TOURISM: THE CHALLENGE OF MEASUREMENT AND OTHER ISSUESAbstractKEYWORDS: movie-induced tourism，literary tourism，destinationsWithin the literature on tourism marketing and place promotion，there is very little research related to movie sites，including television programme locations，in Britain.This study discusses the concept of movie-induced tourism in relation to the wider phenomenon of cultural and literary tourism.The challenge of measurement is considered via a small-scale survey of visitors to Notting Hill in London，the setting for the successful movie starring Hugh Grant and Julia Roberts. The results showed a visitor profile which is fairly consistent with the findings from the literature；frequency results indicated that many visitors to Notting Hill had a fairly clear destination image prior to their visit，a large number of respondents knew of other television and film locations and a majority of respondents would consider travelling to television or film locations in the future. About two-thirds of respondents agreed with the fact that television programmes and filmsencourage tourism to a certain area，which shows an overall awareness and acceptance of the phenomenon of movie-induced tourism within the survey population.IntroductionMedia-related tourism involves visits to places celebrated for associations with books，authors，television programmes and films.According to Tetley，movie-induced tourism，as the form related to films and television has become known，is a lucrative and rapidly growing sector of the tourism industry with increasing economic importance；filming not only provides short-term employment and publicity for the chosen location but also long-term tourism opportunities.Identifying the locations where films have been produced has become a contemporary leisure activity，aided by promotional material such as the British Tourist Authority's movie map and local authority marketing efforts. When people are seeking sights/sites seen on the `silver screen'，they become movie-induced tourists.Many countries，especially Britain，have seen a dramatic increase in visitor numbers to locations that have been featured in films or television programmes.However，there has been little in the way of academic research into the effect of films and television on the popularity of locations as visitor destinations.Furthermore，as Riley notes，there has been no empirical investigation of the phenomenon whereby movies might influence the travel preferences and destination choices of those who attend cinemas or view videotapes at home.The relationship between fiction，dreams and tourism impacts has long been established；although films are primarily consumed as entertainment，rather than as placecentred insight，it is evident that images of such places form some basis of individuals' understanding and expectations when they are tourists visiting the places portrayed.Table 1 provides a comprehensive overview of all the forms documented in the literature；their potential advantages and disadvantages are presented in Figure 1.The aim of this research is to map the concept of movie-induced tourism in relation to the wider phenomenon of cultural and literary tourism，including the construction of place . The challenge of measuring the concept is demonstrated through a small-scale research study of Notting Hill，the location，in relation to the eponymous Hollywood movie. A few related issues are then raised for further consideration.DEFINING THE SCOPE AND MEANING OF MOVIE-INDUCED TOURISM Evans suggests that movie-induced tourism comprises `tourist visits to a destination or attraction as a result of the destination being featured on television，video or the cinemascreen'. Watching television is still the nation's most common home-based leisure activity for both men and women；film and television has become part of society's culture，permeating the individuals' world and thus forming part of people's understanding.The media has become a major vehicle of awareness and style leadership，bringing the wonders of the world and the excitement of various remote natural environments to millions of people；having been exposed to them，the desire to see and experience becomes more powerful. Butler is one of several authors who discuss the influence of the media and the ways in which people derive images，information and awareness of destinations which，in turn，form the basis upon which they make choices about where to stay and what to visit: `motion pictures and television films have had a powerful influence on people's tastes and ideas'.There is no doubt that films and television programmes create an increase in visitor numbers at their respective locations.This phenomenon has been recorded worldwide:films such as Crocodile Dundee and Mad Max have had an influence on tourist growth in Australia and Dances with Wolves，Close Encounters，and Field of Dreams turned their respective US film locations into pilgrimage attractions.While Winterset is the birth-place of actor John Wayne，it took the filming of Robert James Waller's The Bridges of Madison County to put the county town on the map: the 4，200 inhabitants experienced 220 coach parties，from 21 countries，in summer 1995 as a result of the movie.The film Saving Private Ryan resulted in a 40 percent increase in American visitors to Normandy after its release；furthermore，Normandy's tourism promoters identified a more diverse age range of visitors as a result D not just ageing veterans of the D-Day landings.Table 2 identfies a range of movie sets which have turned their respective locations into popular tourist destinations.Many authors agree that movies are effective as tourist-inducing attractions in becoming `pull' factors situated in `push' locations.Within the UK，a wide range of films such as Mary Poppins(1964)，Four Weddings and a Funeral (1994)，Fever Pitch (1996)，Mission Impossible (1996) and Sliding Doors (1998)，to name a few，have transformed their film locations into attractions which are perceived by many tourists as worthwhile visiting.Similarly，television productions such as Bergerac，Emmerdale，Peak Practice，Wycliffe，Inspector Morse，Heartbeat and Coronation Street have affected regions and towns in Britain；this is because many television and cinema films produced in Britain are widely sold and shown abroad，which then leads to viewers writing to hotels and tourist offices to book tours of，or holidays to，places they have seen in the filmed location.These are just a few examples，from a wide range，to demonstrate the power of the media in influencing tourism；it is a factor that is，for the most part，fully taken into account and built upon by tourism authorities today intheir efforts to promote cultural and，therefore，movie-induced tourism. Discussion has focused on the influence of movies；however，many films and television programmes have actually been adapted from popular novels，such as Evelyn Waugh's Brideshead Revisited and many of Rosamunde Pilcher's numerous narratives. German visitors，especially，have travelled to England's West Country following the `Rosamunde Pilcher Trail' to visit the locations where filming has taken place and enjoy the romantic scenery shown in German television adaptations of such novels as The End of Summer，Clouds on the Horizon，Wind of Hope and Stormy Encounters on a regular basis.A local authority can also gain promotional benefits when novels are adapted for television；the adaptation，in 1995，of Rosamunde Pilcher's Snow in April for broadcast in Germany injected an estimated £750，000 into the local Cornish economy. Mike Foxley，tourism of officer for Penwith District Council，commented that this provided far greater coverage than their promotional budget could ever achieve. Similarly，in another genre，the W. J. Burley detective stories attracted 10 million viewers to Wycliffe ，in 1994，containing much footage of outstanding Cornish scenery.Literary and movie-induced tourism also interlink because some television programmes (for example，Langley Country，presenting the places which inspired Thomas Hardy) trace those places which are clearly connected to wellknown writers or novels.LITERARY TOURISMIt is apparent by now that many films and television dramas owe their existence to literature in the first place；literary tourism is an important and growing sector of the tourism industry，`associated with places celebrated for literary depictions and/or connections with literary figures'.Tourism then originates when the popularity of a literary depiction or the stature of an individual author is such that people are drawn to visit the places that he/she wrote about or was associated with. The visit to such destinations `allows contact with places closely associated with admired individuals，allows sight of，and perhaps the chance to touch，artefacts and memorabilia；the setting enhances the experiential quality of these contacts'.Butler documents four forms of literary tourism，as illustrated in Table 3，and a fifth form ——that of the influence of travel writing —— is proposed.Herbert observes that `literary places are the fusion of the real worlds in which the writers lived with the worlds portrayed in the novels'.V isitors can be attracted to houses where writers lived and worked and also to the landscapes which provided the settings for their novels.Moreover，Pocock notes that `many classic works are receiving wider dissemination than ever before through projection on the television and cinema screens'.In a sense，both forms of tourism，literature or movie induced，are very similar；in fact，they can even be interchanged in many ways. As with movie tourism，there is a merging of the real and the imagined which givesliterary places a special meaning.However，while literature continues to play a vital role in popular culture，the defining media of the 21st century are film and television.An example to illustrate the conjunction of several media is illustrated by The Railway Children；this novel by Edith Nisbet appeared in 1906 and was turned into a film in 1970，starring Jenny Agutter as the eldest child. In 2000，a new version of the film appeared，but was not a remake according to producer Charles Elton；rather it was a production of the 1906 book and they were `trying to be more faithful to the original novel'.Jenny Agutter starred as the children's mother this time.However，whereas the Keighley and Worth V alley Railway，in Y orkshire，had been used for the 1970 film，the new version used the Bluebell Railway in Sussex，raising the perennial issue of authenticity. For purists，this can be discerned from the latest medium available to consumers: the websites for both railways promote their version.。