句子一：For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.句子分析：第一、句子可以拆分为三段：For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, / and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been / had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.第二、句子的结构：1)主干结构是并列句they do not compensate for..., and thus do not tell...2) how able是表语前置，正常语序是：an underprivileged youngster might have been how able3)最后一个句子是虚拟语气句的倒装结构：had he grown up under more favorable circumstances等于If he had grown up under more favorable circumstances第三、词的处理：hey 指示代词，测试compensate for 弥补gross social inequality 明显的社会不公and thus 因此ell 说明underprivileged 贫困的、物质条件差的under more favorable circumstances 在较好的环境下参考译文：例如，测试并不弥补明显的社会不公，因此它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人，如果在较好的环境下成长的话，会有多大才干。
句子二：How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.句子分析：第一、句子可以拆分为三段：How well the predictions will be validated by later performance / depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom / with which it is interpreted.第二、句子主干结构是：1)How well...引导的被动结构是主语从句，How well是主语从句中的状语前置，depends是句子谓语2)depends后面两个介词短语作并列宾语upon...and on...3) the information used是名词+过去分词作定语4)with which it is interpreted定语从句，先行词是the skill and wisdom，代词it指代the information第三、词的处理：be validated by 为……所证实depends upon 取决于reliability 可靠性appropriateness 适应性interpreted 解释参考译文：这些测试在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实，这取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适应性，以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。
句子三：Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.句子分析：第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation / depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity / and upon such factors as cost and availability.第二、句子主干结构是：Whether to use..., or both...引导主语从句，depends是句子谓语，upon... and upon...是并列结构的双宾语。
第三、词的处理：Whether to..., or 是……还是……both 指代前句的tests, other kinds of informationin a particular situation 在某一特定情况下therefore 因此the evidence from experience 经验依据concerning 与……有关的comparative validity 相对效度such factors as... 诸如……等因素参考译文：因此，在某一特定情况下，究竟是采用测试还是其他种类的信息，或是两者兼用，须凭有关相对效度的经验依据而定，也取决于诸如费用和有无来源等因素。
句子四：Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.句子分析：第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Some philosophers argue / that rights exist only within a social contract, / as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.第二、句子的结构：1)主干结构是主从复合句：Some philosophers argue that...2)that引导的是宾语从句3)as part of...是宾语从句中的rights的主语补足语。
第三、词的处理：argue 论证a social contract 社会契约as part of 作为(是)……的一部分entitlements 利益，权利参考译文：有些哲学家论证说，权利只存在社会契约中，是责任与利益相交换的一部分。
句子五：It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all.句子分析：第一、句子可以拆分为三段：It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: / it invites you to think that animals should be treated / either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all.第二、句子的结构是：1)it invites you to think that...后面是宾语从句。
2) animals should be treated either with..., or with...要么……要么……，是表示选择的方式状语。
3)the consideration后面的humans extend to other humans是定语。
第三、词的处理：leads ...to extremes 引向极端at the outset 从一开始invites you to think 使人们认为consideration 关切，体谅humans extend to other humans 人对待人参考译文：这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端，它使人们认为应这样对待动物：要么像对人类自身一样关切体谅，要么完全冷漠无情。
1. The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos.【译文】巨大的宇宙云的存在，实际上是使二十年代首创的大爆炸论得以保持其宇宙起源论的主导地位所不可缺少的。
【析句】本句的主干为The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang，过去分词短语first put forward in the 1920s在句中作后置定语，修饰前面的the Big Bang。
【讲词】Big Bang是天文学的一个名词，应该译成“大爆炸”或“大爆炸理论”。
put forward意为“提出”。
The Council has put forward valuable concrete proposals on energy conservation.(委员会提出了宝贵而具体的节能意见。
)China has put forward three historical sites for UNESCO heritage list.(中国提交三个历史名胜申请成为联合国教科文组织的世界遗产。