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Communication satellite systems have been quite a success in the past decades, evoking widespread attention to their future. /（The great success of communication satellite systems in the past decades has evoked widespread attention to their future.) Some countries have been using satellites for domestic communications in place of conventional telephone lines on land. But satellite’s development, launching and operation are so costly that some countries can’t afford./(But satellite’s development, launching and operation are costlybeyond the means of some countries.) In spite of all this, communication satellites are gaining attention and support from more and more people. The technique seems likely to be more widely utilized in the future.
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（１）汉语动词转译为英语名词 1）中国成功地爆炸了第一颗原子弹，在全世界引起了巨 大反响。 China’s successful explosion of its first atom bomb caused tremendous repercussions throughout the world. 2）工人们坚持取消旧的规定，建立新的规章制度。 The workers insisted on the abolishment of the old rules and the establishment of new regulations. 3）要把控制人口，节约资源，保护环境放在重要的地位 上。 Population control, the conservation of resources and environmental protection should be put in an important place. 4）振兴科技和繁荣经济，必须坚持教育为本。 The vitality of science and technology and the prosperity of economy must be based on education.
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3）有些词用法很多，难下定义。 Some words are hard to define because they have many different uses. 4）这次访问的目的是扩大两国之间的关系。 The visit was aimed at expanding relations between the two countries. 有时，汉语名词也可转译为形容词。例如： 5）古为今用，洋为中用。 Make the old serve the present and foreign serve China. 6）许多病例证明，肺癌并非不治之症。 Plenty of cases demonstrate that pulmonary cancer is not incurable.
第七章 汉译英的词语处理
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7.用词特点 表达上 汉 直观性 硬币，短袜，纸币，回形针 (量词) ,一张纸，一把刀，一朵花 英 功能性 具象 蚕食（to nibble),势如破竹，如日中天 抽象 词义上 汉 概括性 车，笔，饭，胡子，专家 英 具体 词类转换
汉语中动词用得多。连动式动词短语（由若干个动词和与其搭配的其他成分 一起组成的，表示若干个动作的言语群）在汉语中较常见，汉译英时，应先缕 清动词之间的逻辑关系，把主要动词译成英语的谓语动词，将其他动词译成分 词、动名词、动词不定式等非限制性动词，例如：翻译打算、取消”是连动式动词短语，译成英语时我们 这样来处理：将“打算”译成英语的谓语动词，将“取消”译成动词不定式。 译文为：We intended to cancel the meeting. 根据英语中名词用得多的特点，汉语动词转译为英语名词也较为常见。有时， 也转译为别的词类。同样，其他词类转换也是在汉译英过程中经常使用的技巧。 常用的词类转换有以下几种：
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（3）汉语动词转译为英语形容词 ）
1）案发时她在房里，此点非常可疑。 It’s very suspicious that she was in the house when the crime happened. 2）许多人熟悉他的名字。 His name was familiar to many people. 3）不要难过，一切都会好起来的。 Don’t feel bad. Everything will be all right. 4）他们乐观、能干、热情，总是想方设法使你一路上顺利 舒适。 Cheerful, efficient and warm-hearted, they will do everything to make your journey smooth and comfortable.
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翻译四字词组时，应力求达到译文与原文在内容和 形式上的统一，向英语读者介绍中国的语言文化精华。如 四字词组“以卵击石”，它的意思是拿蛋去碰石头，比喻 自不量力。在翻译时，究竟是套用含有类似寓意的英语习 语“to kick against the pricks”好呢，还是直译成 “to throw an egg against a rock（or stones）”， 或者意译为“to court defeat by fighting against overwhelming odds”更恰当呢？众所周知，无论在中国， 还是在西方，“用蛋去碰石头”只有落得粉身碎骨的下场。 因此，用直译法翻译“以卵击石”不会造成误解，反而会 给译文读者带来新鲜感，增加文字的表现力，同时也保留 了原文的比喻形象，取得译文与原文在内容和形式上的统 一。
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(4 )汉语动词转译为英语副词 汉语动词转译为英语副词 1）毫无疑问，你提的论点是站得住的。 Undoubtedly, the point you make is valid. 2）我们落在计划后面了。 We are behind in our plan. 3）我不记得他什么时候离开的；那时我失去知觉了。 I don’t remember her leaving. I was out cold. 4）我来帮你把衣服穿上。 I will help you on with your coat.
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(6) 汉语形容词或副词转译为英语名词 1）由于他是土生土长的苏格兰人，口音很难 改变。 Being a native of Scotland, he can hardly change his accent. 2）我们受到了热情地接待。 We were received with great enthusiasm. 3）他攒了很多钱，以过舒适的生活。 He had saved enough money so that he could live in comfort. ４）我们在河里尽情地游着。 We were swimming in the river to our heart’s content.
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（2） 汉语动词转译为英语介词或介词短语 ） 1）他们不顾一切困难、挫折，坚持战斗。 They kept on fighting in spite of all difficulties and setbacks. 2）二十五年过去了，市中心变得认不出来了。 After 25 years the town center had changed beyond all recognition. 3）他们发现这地图已完全过时。 They found the map quite out of date. 4）我们不能违反他们的意愿把他们强留在这里。 We could not keep them here against their will.
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四字词组的翻译应尽量直译，如果直译不通 或有损于原文风格时，可舍弃原文的形式，从内 容入手，做到功能相似，发挥原文的交际效果。 值得注意的一点是，汉语四字词组往往虚实相生， 重在气势和意境；而英语是一种非常理性的语言， 最重清楚明白，忌讳逻辑混乱和文字堆砌，所以 在翻译中，英语译文多半变得长短不一、参差不 齐，这是不可避免的。有关四字成语的译法可参 看本书第四章第三部分“英汉成语的文化内涵分 析比较及翻译策略”。下面是一些汉语四字词组 的英译例子：
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(5) 汉语名词转译为英语动词或形容词 在翻译过程中，汉语名词一般不改变其词性。但某些汉 语名词如“形状”、“地位”、“态度”、“特点”、 “印象”、“目的”、“定义”等，在英语译文中，常被 译成名词。另外，在较为正式的文体中的汉语名词，在英 语中往往用动词来表示。 1）本产品的特点是设计独特，质量高，容量大。 The product is characterized by unique designs, high quality and great capacity. 2）他过人的才干给我留下了深刻的印象。 I was impressed by his prodigious talent.
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达成协议—— to reach agreement 前景光明—— a bright prospect 消除阴影—— to lift the shadow 安定团结—— stability and unity 繁荣富裕—— prosperity and affluence 各界人士—— people from all circle 和平统一—— peaceful reunification 落到实处—— to carry out in practice 明智之举—— wise move 求同存异—— to seek common ground while reserving differences