可能出翻译(1) FOB: Free on Board (…named port of shipment)装运港船上交货（……指定装运港）“Free on Board” means that the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when the goods have passed over the ship’s rail at the named port of shipment. （2）CFR: Cost and Freight(…named port of destination) 成本加运费（……指定目的港）“Cost and Freight” means that the seller is responsible for chartering a liner and loading the goods on the liner at the stipulated time in the contract.（3）CIF: Cost Insurance and Freight(…named port of destination) 成本、保险加运费（……指定目的港）“Cost Insurance and Freight” means that the seller has the obligations to procure marine insurance against the risks of losses of, or damage to the goods during the carriage.1. The theory of comparative advantageAlthough Smith’s work was instrumental in the development of economic theories about trade and production, it did not answer a question like if a country did not possess absolute advantage in any product, could it (or would it ) trade ?尽管斯密的著作在贸易和生产相关的经济理论上有指导意义，但他没有回答类似于一个国家若没有绝对优势能否贸易这样的问题。
David Ricardo (1772-1823) , in his 1819 work entitled On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation,sought to take the basis ideas set down by Smith a few steps further. Ricardo notedthat even if a country possessed absolute advantage in the production of two produ cts, it still must be relatively more efficient than the other country in the production of one commodity than the other. Ricardo termed this the Comparative Advantage.大卫.李嘉图在1819年的作品《政治经济学及赋税原理》，试图在斯密观点基础上进行更深一步挖掘，李嘉图表示即使一个国家在生产两种产品时有绝对优势，但相对另一个国家生产同类产品它依然有相对较高效率的产品，李嘉图把这称之为比较优势。
2.Definitiona. According to the theory of comparative advantage, it makes sense for a country tospecialize in the production of those goods it produces most efficiently and to buy the goods from other countries that it produces less efficiently, even if this means buying goods from other countries that it could produce more efficiently itself.根据比较优势理论，一个国家专注于生产那些有较高效率的产品何从其他国家购买本国生产效率相对较低的产品，即使这意味着从国外购买更高效率的产变得合情合理。
b. A country has a comparative advantage in producing a good if the opportunity cost of producing that good in terms of other goods is lower in that coun try than it is in other countries.就产品而言，如果一个国家生产这种产品相比其他国家有更低机会成本就称之为这个国家有比较优势。
3. Chief points of viewa. Each country would then possess comparative advantage in the production of one of the two products, the less efficient nation should specialize in and export the good in which it is comparatively less inefficient ( where its absolute disadvantage is least ).每个国家在生产一两种产品上有比较优势，一个生产效率相对较低的国家应专业化出口相对来说具有优势的产品。
b. The more efficient nation should specialize in and export that good in which it is c omparatively more efficient ( where its absolute advantage is greatest ). And both co untries would then benefit by specializing completely in one product and trading for t he other.一个相对生产效率较高的国家应专注看相对生产效率更高（绝对优势最大的）产品，这样两类国家都能从完全专业化的生产和贸易中获利。
c. Absolute productive efficiency was thus not a crucial factor governing the basis for international trade, according to Ricardo. The Ricardian model or principle of compar ative advantage is today the most famous and influential principle of economics.根据李嘉图的观点，绝对生产效率并不是控制国际贸易基础一个关键因素。
李嘉图模型或相对比较优势的原理是今天经济理论中最著名的也是最有影响力的经济理论。
4. Comparison between the two Theoriesa. After comparison we’ll find Ricardo’s theory of comparative advantage is more adv anced than Smith’s theory of absolute advantage.在比较后我们发现李嘉图的比较优势理论比斯密的绝对优势理论更先进。
b. According to Smiths view, the product exported by a country must be goods whi ch the exporting country has absolute advantage to produce and the cost of producin g it must be absolutely lower than the same good of another country.根据斯密的观点，一个国家出口的产品一定是出口该国生产商有绝对优势的相比另一个国家绝对生产成本更低的产品。
c. But David Ricardo took Adam Smith’s theory of absolute advantage one step furth er. In his opinion not necessarily every country has to produce all sorts of goods. Wh at a nation should do is to concentrate its efforts and resources on producing those g oods which can generate more advantages and bring about less disadvantages.但是李嘉图是在斯密绝对优势理论的基础上进一步延伸的。
在他看来，每个国家没必要生产所有类型的产品，一个国家需要做的只是集中精力和资源生产那些有更少劣势更多优势的产品。
d. Under such conditions international trade would result in international division of l abor and specialization beneficial to all countries. In addition, Ricardo particularly str essed labor productivity and argued that differences in labor productivity between na tions underlie the notion of comparative advantage.在这些条件下，国际贸易会产生国际劳动、专业分工，对所有国家都有利，除此之外，李嘉图特别强调，不同国家劳动分工、生产差异构成的比较优势。