1 In brief, although dogs cause their owners trouble and expense, these animals may at the same time return unrealized value.

现代英语文章较简洁明了。英语文章中 的汉式思维问题：使用文学典故及比喻 性语言（由汉语译成英语的习语套话）。 一是大量引起据典；二是遵循“开篇说 明（an opening description of a specific incident）→历史回顾（a look back at the usually unfortunate history of the issue or practice）→现状解释（an explanation of the current much improved state of affairs） →道德鞭策（a concluding moral exhortation）”的模式。如：
5.老百姓投票给领导发奖，这是我有生以 来经历的第一次。
1. I worked very hard on this paper. 2. He isn’t interested in things like watching TV, listening to songs, or dancing. 3. I have already read this book. 4. It took him two long months to finish such a thin book. 5.This is the first time in my life that I’ve experienced the masses voting on rewards for leaders. .
2.思维方式 (thought pattern/discourse pattern) 的不同 英语的直线型（linear） 汉语的螺旋型（circular/spiral/indirect）
在篇章的组织结构方面： 英语篇章主要呈直线型（linear）； 汉语篇章主要呈螺旋型 （circular/spiral/indirect）。

足球运动员必须能不停地奔跑，有时 得用头顶球，撞别人或被别人撞，必 须忍受双脚和肌肉的疼痛，所以说， 足球运动是一项难度大的运动。
Sample Paragraph Analysis 1 Keeping dogs as pets has more benefits than most people recognize. 2 First, they contribute to the health of their owners. 3 Often their demands for walks and play improve their owner’s exercise routine. 4 In fact, statistics show that dog owners get more regular exercise than non-dog owners do. 3 Also, they enhance health simply by being around to be petted. 4 Scientific studies have indicated that stroking a pit reduces stress and lowers blood pressure. 2 Second, they provide a means for parents to teach their children responsibility.

汉语的几个短句往往可以译成一个由英语 关联词及各种短语联接在一起的一个英语 长句。如:
(1) 眼下,咱只盼着有关部门对“工薪族”们作一个详细的调查,对我
们的收入心里有个数,别出来个咱累死也够不着的房价。
Now , I am expecting the departments concerned to survey on us“ the salaried”, so as to gain a clear understanding of our income and abandon such a high price we can’t afford even if we toil to death.

For three times the flowers in our school have bloomed and fallen, and for three years I have studied here.（花开花落已三秋，我在此校学习已 三载。） As time passed, the desire of learning the language grew in my heart like a tree, bigger and bigger, so beautiful that I decided to be with her all my life. （随着时间的推移，我学习这语言的愿望，犹如 心中的一棵树，愈长愈高大，美丽至极，使我决 定终生与之为伴。） Time flies like an arrow. The mountains are blue，the water is green. a cold and hard world By reviewing old knowledge one can acquire new.

英语的长句译法 On campuses all across the United States, Americans who lectured and studied in China in the 1930s and 40s today are invigorating our own intellectual life — none of them with greater distinction than Professor John K. Fairbank, who honors us by joining our traveling party.
(2) 当今一些经济大案,立案查处,成绩卓然,群众拍手称快。
Nowadays , the public is clapping their hands in applause for the great achievement we have made in placing cases on file for investigation and prosecution concerning some serious economic cases.

汉语造句少用甚不用形式连接手段，注重隐 性连贯(covert coherence)，注重逻辑事理顺序， 注重功能、意义，注重以神统形。结构简练 明快节一 节地连下去；而英语的句子结构好比一串 葡萄，主干可能很短，累累果实附着在上 面。”(庄绎传)
英语的形合法 (hypotaxis) 注重显性接应 (overt cohesion)，注重句子形 式，注重结构完整，注重以形显义。主要的 连接手段有：关系词、连接词。介词包括简 单介词（如: with，to，in，of，about）、合 成介词（如inside，onto，upon，within）和 成语介词（如according to，along with，in front of，on behalf of）。关系词包括关系代 词和系副词如who，whom，whose，that， which，what，when，where，why，how等。 连接词包括并列连词和从属连词，如and，or， but，yet，so，however，as well as，when， while，since，unless等。
3.句法结构上的差别（Syntactic Differences） 英语:印欧语系 汉语:汉藏语系 英语结构紧凑，汉语结构松散。 重要的区别: 英语的形合(hypotaxis) 汉语的意合(parataxis)。

英语句子常用各种形式手段连接词语、分句 或从句，注重显性接应(overt cohesion)，注重 句子形式和完整，注重以形显义。因此，英 语句子结构紧凑严密。

3 When parents give children a dog, they provide them the opportunity to fulfill the responsibilities of walking, feeding, and caring for its other needs. 2 Finally and most important of all, dogs enhance the wellbeing and emotional stability of families. 3 Older people who live alone especially rely on dogs to give them enjoyment and company. 4 Stories are numerous about elderly people who are forced to give up their pups and die soon thereafter. 5 Psychologists have suggested that the loss of the pet causes them to lose their will to live.
汉英语言的基本区别
1. 主述位结构(theme structure)上的差别
汉语属主题显著 (topic-prominent) 语言 英语属主语显著 (subject-prominent)语言
1.这篇论文我花了很多心血。 2.看电视、唱歌、跳舞这类活动他都不感 兴趣。
3.这本书我已经看过了。 4.薄薄的一本书他竟看了两个月。