/p/ voiceless /m/ nasal /s/ voiceless /n/ nasal /b/ oral /v/ fricative
Front
i: close i e
Central
Back u: u
Semi-close Semi-open open
ə: ə
æ
Λ
ɔ: ɔ
α:
Phonology
Phone, phoneme and allophone （音素、音位、音位变体） P37
1 Phone（音素） Phone is a term used to refer to the smallest perceptible discrete（不连续的） segment of sound in a stream of speech. Phones do not necessarily distinguish words from each other. For example, while the phones [i:] and [i] do as in [bi:t] and [bit], [ph] and [p=] obviously don’t as in [sphit] and [sp=it]. Conventionally, phones are placed within square brackets, such as [ p ] [ t ] [ l ], etc.
Bilabial Labiodental
Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar glottal
Stops
VL p
t
k
VD b
Fricatives
d
f v
g
VL VD
ϑ ð
s z
∫ ʒ t∫ dʒ ŋ
j
h
affricates
VL
VD
Nasals Liquids glides VD m VD VD w n l. r
Important articulators
The oral cavity
The greatest source of modification of the air eam is found in the oral cavity. The speech organs located in this cavity are: the lips, the teeth, the teeth ridge （齿龈） (the alveolus), the tongue, the hard palate （硬腭）, the soft palate (the velum)（软腭） and the uvula小舌.
Chapter 2 phonology
Important articulators发音器官
Articulators, also called speech organs, refer to those parts of human body involved in the production of speech sound. 1 The lungs ：肺 2 the vocal cords 声带 3 The resonating cavities (共鸣腔) The resonating cavities is where the airstream coming from the lungs is modified in various ways, resulting in the production of various sounds. Three resonating cavities are identified. You are expected to look at the diagram on Page 27 in our textbook.
2. Phoneme (音位) p37 A phoneme is a phonological unit, which is the minimal unit in the sound system of a language, according to traditional phonological theories; it is a unit that is of distinctive value, i.e. it can distinguish words.. Substituting one phoneme for another results in a change of meaning. A phoneme is an abstract unit. It is not any particular sound, but rather it is represented or realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context. For example, the phoneme /p/ is represented differently in [phit] and [sp=it]. The notion of the phoneme allowed linguists to group together sets of phonetically similar phones as variants or members of the same underlying unit. (To follow the convention, square brackets are used to indicate phones, and obliques phonemes. such as / t /, / p /, / l /.)

Important articulators
Important articulators : p27
Phonetic transcription
(The) IPA 国际音标 IPA is the abbreviated form of the International Phonetic Association （国际语 音 学 协 会 ） or the International Phonetic Alphabet（国际音标）. International Phonetic Association is an organization founded in 1886 by a group of European phoneticians to promote the study of phonetics. In 1888, it published the first version of International Phonetic Alphabet, which, in modified and expanded form, is today the most widely used system for transcribing the sounds of a language.
The oral cavity(口腔): the mouth It contains the lips, teeth, teeth (alveolar) ridge (齿 龈/槽) tip of tongue, blade of tongue, front of tongue, back of tongue, hard palate, soft palate (velum), uvula, epiglottis (会厌软骨). The nasal cavity (鼻腔): the nose Nasal resonance(共鸣) can be produced due to the lowering the soft palate (velum), resulting the production of nasals. The pharyngeal cavity/ pharynx ( 咽腔 ): between the top of the larynx (喉) and the soft palate) The throat (larynx) contains vocal cords/folds, ventricular folds （膨胀带）and glottis (the opening between the vocal cords), the movement of which determines the quality of voicing (voiced & voiceless(浊/ 清音) and pitch(音高).
Phonetics and phonology Both phonetics and phonology are concerned with the same aspect of language, the speech sounds. But they approach the subject from two different points of view. Phonetics studies the production and characteristics of all possible speech sounds, and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. It is general, descriptive and classificatory. Phonology is the study of sound systems of languages, which is concerned with the linguistic patterning of sounds in human languages, with its primary aim being to discover the principles that govern the way sounds are organized in languages, and to explain the variations that occur. It studies the way in which speakers of a language systematically use a selection of these sounds in order to express meaning.