作为资料收集方法的访谈
• 访谈的种类
• • • (1) The Standardized Interview The Unstandardized Interview The Semistandardized interview The standardized interview
The standardized interview uses a formally structured schedule of interview questions. The interviewers are required to ask subjects to respond to each question. Researchers assume that the questions scheduled in their interview instruments are sufficiently comprehensive to elicit from subjects all information relevant to the study’s topic(s). In sum, standardized interviews are designed to elicit information using a set of predetermined questions that are expected to elicit the subjects’ thoughts, opinions, and attitudes about study-related issues.
定性研究的数据收集方法
如何进行研究性的访谈与观察？
田野研究的资料收集方法
• 田野研究
• 田野研究是一种深入到研究现象的生活背景中，以参与观察和非参 与式观察，以及访谈的方式收集资料，并通过对这些资料的定性分 析来理解和解释社会现象的社会研究方式。
• 田野研究的资料收集方式
• 访谈 • 观察
• 田野研究的基本步骤
作为资料收集方法的访谈
• 问题的类型
– The first step to interview construction has already been implied: Specifically, researchers must determine the nature of their investigation and the objectives of their research. The determination provides the researchers with starting point from which to begin developing a schedule fo questions. – In order to draw out the most complete story about various subjects or situations under investigation, four types or styles of questions must be included in the survey instrument: essential questions, extra questions, throwaway questions, and probing questions. – Additionally, researchers must take into consideration the central aims and focuses of their studies.
作为资料收集方法的访谈
• 问题的类型
– Essential Questions Essential questions exclusively Questions: concern the central focus of the study. They may be placed together or scattered throughout the survey, but they are geared toward eliciting specific desired information. – Extra Questions: extra questions are those questions roughly equivalent to certain essential ones but worded slightly differently. These are included in order to check on the reliability of responses or to measure the possible influence a change of wording might have. – Throw-Away Questions: Throw-away questions may be essential Throwdemographic questions or general questions used to develop rapport between interviewers and subjects. – Probing Questions: Probes questions frequently ask subjects to elaborate on what they have already answered in response to a given questions.
作为资料收集方法的访谈
• 访谈的种类
(2) The Unstandardized interview
In contrast to the rigidity of standardized interviews, it do not utilize schedules of questions. Interviewers begin with the assumption that they do not know in advance what all the necessary questions are. Consequently, they can not predetermine fully a list of questions to ask. They also assume that not all subjects will necessarily find equal meaning in like-worded questions. In an unstandardized interview, interviews must develop, adapt, and generate questions and follow-up probes appropriate to the given situation and the central purpose of the investigation . Unstandardized interviews are sometimes used during the course of field research to augment field observations.
作为资料收集方法的访谈
• 如何测评设计问题的质量
– Has the researcher included all of the questions necessary to test the research hypothesis? – Do the questions elicit the types of response that were anticipated? – Is the language of the research instrument meaningful to the respondents? – Are there other problems with the questions, such as double meaning or multiple issues embedded in a single question? – Finally, does the interview guide, as developed, help to motivate respondents to participate in the study?
作为资料收集方法的访谈
• 访谈的种类
(3) The Semistandardized Interview
This type of interview involves the implementations of a number of predetermined questions and/or special topics. This questions are typically asked of each interviewee in a systematic and consistent order, but the interviews are allowed freedom to digress; that is, the interviewers are permitted to probe far beyond the answers to their prepared and standardized questions. The questions must be formulated in words familiar to the people being interviewed ; Questions used in a semistandardized interview can reflect an awareness that individuals understand the world in varying ways, Researchers thus approach the world from the subject’s perspective.