From an art to theory
▪ Since Aristotle rhetoric has been faced itself with the task of
constructing theory. Though Aristotle saw the distinction between rhetoric and dialectics, he failed to peruse it in rhetorical theory as much as in rhetorical practice. His excessive emphasis on the practical function of rhetoric, the persuasive modes, results in the negligence of the theory construction. What Aristotle left us is not a rhetorical philosophy but a manual for speech strategies and argumentation (Natanson 133-139).
(彭炫和温科学，《外语教学》，2004) 2.1 A theory construction about language and meaning 2.2 intention and interpretation as the determinants of meaning 2.3 knowledge is created by argument
修辞学的哲学转向
修辞学的哲学转向是哲学的语言学转向的结果。 语言哲学：以语言为分析和研究对象的哲学学科。与科学哲学、
逻辑哲学、道德哲学并列。它着重从哲学的角度研究（1） 语言的本质、结构和一般特征，（2）研究语言同实在、思 维的关系，（3）研究各种表达式的指称和意义，（4）真 理和必然性，（5）意向性和言语行为，（6）理解和阐释 等问题。 当代，哲学转向了以语言为中心的概念分析，即哲学不去寻找 与概念相关的现象，如道德、正义与因果关系，或者确定概 念的理想存在形式，他们关心的是：概念的意义是什么，给 那些与概念有关的术语下定义以及谈论概念过程中出现的意 义问题。
▪ The theoretical development of contemporary rhetoric is owing
to the efforts of rhetoricians such as Richard M. Weaver and Maurice Natanson. Weaver believes that rhetoric is philosophic in that it connects itself with a branch of dialectics concerning choice and avoidance. With dialectics as the presupposition can rhetoric be of significance. Natanson decides the limits of rhetoric. Rhetoric should deal with the relationships between language and its reference, brain and consciousness, knowledge and some knowledge, etc.
epistemology (theory of knowledge, branch of philosophy that studies the origin and development of human knowledge); 2.4 ideology and power are extended through discourse 3. language is a social behavior: social turn of rhetoric (鞠玉梅，《川外》， 2003) 4. language is a social behavior: symbolic behavior （Kenneth Burke） 4. a theory of language: discourse-focused theory construction 5. effect-oriented 6. A comprehensive theory: no unified paradigm and interdisciplinary nature (Hu Shuzhong, 2002: 123)
当代西方修辞学概览
柴改英
内容
1. 当代西方修辞学的总体特征
从定义管窥 从历史考察 从论题了解
2. 当代西方修辞学的主要理论
理查兹的修辞哲学 （✓） 博克的戏剧主义（✓） 图尔明的论辩理论（✓） 福柯的话语理论
▪ 从定义管窥
Rhetoric has grown to encompass a theory of (1) language as a form of social behavior, (2) of intention and interpretation as the determinants of meaning ,(3) in the way that knowledge is created by argument, (4) and in the way that ideology and power are extended through discourse. In short rhetoric has become a comprehensive theory of language as effective discourse.
——Patricia Bizzell, etc., 1990: 899ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
定义体现的特点
Rhetoric:
1. A turn from art to theory 2. Theoretical construction: philosophy-based (philosophical turn of rhetoric)