Feed-forward signals
Receptor
Center
Effector
Feedback signals
§ 3. Regulation of physiological function Nervous regulation
* Definition & the characteristics
* Reflex & reflex arc Humoral regulation * Definition & the characteristics * Hormone & its secretory forms
Telecrine, paracrine, neurosecretion, etc.
Autoregulation * Definition & the characteristics
Reflex & reflex arc
§ 4. Automatic control system in the body Non-automatic control system
Open loop system
Feedback control system
* Closed loop system, Automatic control
* Negative feedback system * Positive feedback system Feed-forward control system More quickly, less oscillated & foresighted
Relationship between medicine & physiology * Physiology is one of basic medical sciences
Three levels of physiological research
* Cellular & molecular level * Organic & systemic level * Integrative level Methods of physiological research
Physiology
Da-Nian Zhu
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
§ 1. Physiology & its research field
Definition of physiology The task of physiological research * How * Why * Influence of environment * Adaptation and regulation
Distribution & transfusion of body fluid
பைடு நூலகம்
Concept of internal environment (’1870) By Claude Bernard (1813-1878) milieu interne [`mi:lj: `int:n] [French] Concept of homeostasis (’1920) By W. B. Cannon (1871-1945) Importance of maintaining the homeostasis * Enough nutritional substances & O2 * Low level of metabolic products & CO2 * Water, electrolyte, acid-base balance * Temperature, osmotic pressure, etc. Homeostasis is a dynamic equilibrium Regulation of homeostasis * Involve all systems, especially the lung & kidney
* Acute and chronic animal experiment
* in vitro & in vivo experiment * molecular biological experiment
§ 2. Internal environment of the body Body fluid (60% of body weight)
* Intracellular fluid (40%)
* Extracellular fluid (20%) Plasma (5%) Interstitial fluid (15%) Lymph (<1%)
Cerebrospinal fluid (<1%)
Aqueous humor (<1%) etc.