8. Suprasegmental Featuresthe phonological properties that occur in the sound units larger that one segment (phoneme), such as word sentence . They may include stress, tone, intonation, pause(juncture), etc.1) Streethe pronunciation of a word or syllable with more force than the surrounding words or syllables.In English we have three kinds of stress:Primary stress (marked with superscript)Secondary stress (marked with subcript)Unstress (unmarked)Stress can be divided into word stress and sentence stress.Word StressGerman, Finnish and Hungarian--- the first syllable of a wordFrench, Turkish and Polish---the last syllable.English'answer a'bove mana'gerial incompre'hensive industrali'zatio nWord stress can distinguish meaning in English:'import n describe the stateim'port v describe the actionpresent [p'reznt] adj being in the place in questionpresent [pri'zent] v give, submit'blackboard black'boardWhite House white houseEnglish teacher English teacherSick nurse 照看病人的护士sick nurse有病的护士Sentence Stressthe kind of stress that falls on certain word or words in a sentence.Sentence stress is not wholly random in English, there are some rules to follow:1)Semantically important words usually have sentence stress.She 'studies from 'morning till 'night.'John has 'gone to the 'school.2) Rhythm may influence the placement of the stress in the sentence.She's 'fifteen years old. She's only fif'teen.He 'went away. John went 'awayc) In certain syntactic structures, some words usually do not receive stress.Has he gone to town this morning?How do you do, Mr Smith?"Yes" he said.“Where are you going?” t he man askedSentence stress also distinguish meaning in language:a) You may 'not go thereYou 'may not go there.b) John has ′plans to write.----John has plans to be written.John has plans to ′write.----John intends to write something.c) Her dress looks 'very nice.Her dress 'looks very nice.d) My friend looked up when he came in.e) A: Bob and Mary were expelled from school.B: Really? Bob …and Mary? You must be kidding.f) 他'又把物理复习了一遍。
(不止一遍)他又把'物理复习了一遍。
(先已经温习了别的功课)g)“我们都三十多岁了”，“都”重读，意思是“全部”；轻读，意思是“已经”。
吃饭吃面他都无所谓。
Noodles or rice doesn‟t make any difference to him.吃饭吃面他都无所谓。
He doesn‟t mind eating noodles or rice.吃饭吃面他都无所谓。
There is no difference to him whether to eat noodles or rice.Tone阴平阳平上声去声轻音ma妈ma麻ma马ma骂ma吗你没有看好那匹ma，让它踩乱一捆ma，挨了你ma一顿ma, 你说是ma?3) Intonation----the variation of the general movement of the pitch of the voice. Or the rise and fall of the voice when speaking. The frequently used types of intonation in English are as follows:1) falling intonation----finality, definiteness, assertion, command, etc.2) rising intonation----non-finality or continuation, implication, request, uncertainty,reservation, encouragement, etc.3) fall-rise intonation----doubt, hesitation, contradiction, concession, impatience, e.ga) A: Do you know John Smith?B: Yes.A: Have you seen Mary?B: No.b)You are a student, aren't you?(fall intnation, ask for confirmation)You are a student, aren't you?(rising intonation, ask for information)It's lovely day, isn't it? (fall intonation)c) Can you spare me a few↗minutes?----Can you give me a few minutes of your time?Can you spare me a few↘minutes?----Will you excuse my absence for a few minutes?d) I thought it would↗rain.(and it has) 我料想会下雨。
（真的下了）I thought it would↘rain.(and it hasn‟t)我以为会下雨。
（结果没有下）e) She doesn‟t speak to-↘ anyone.----She speaks to no one.She do esn‟t speak to ↘↗anyone.----She speaks only to some people.You can‟t give a baby -↘↗any food.f) It isn't bad.g) I beg your pardon.h) Please telegraph me if I am to ↗come 如果要我来请拍电报告诉我。
Please telegraph me if I am to↘come. 请拍电报告诉我是否要我来。
k) Take the ↗pills and you’ll feel better. 只要服下这些药片，你就会感觉好些。
Take the ↘pills and you will feel ↘better 服下这些药片吧，你就会感觉好些。
l) John I′m waiting for you downstairs.m) A: He lives in Luton.B: ↘where? (in what part of Luton?)↗where? (I’m sorry I didn’t catch the name of the town. Could you repeat it?)3) Pause----A commonly occurring feature of natural speech in which gaps or hesitatioons appear during the production of utterances.Two kinds of pauses are recognized in linguistics:1) Silent pauses: silent breaks between words.2) Filled pauses: the pauses when certain sounds such as um, er, mm, well, are articulated to fill in the silence. (speech fillers)English---filled pauseA silence of longer than about 4 seconds is not allowed (Trudgill)Chinese---silent pause“此处无声胜有声”Evidence:A: Excuse me, would you kindly tell me the way to the Royal Hotel?B: Well, well now, Yeah, the Royal? The Royal? Let me see. Just a moment. Ah, yes, first turningImplication for FLT:----Practice of the use of the speech fillers in oral EnglishThe use of speech fillers when speakingThe use of speech fillers when listening to othersConversation between an English-speaking person and a ChineseAn example---TV show (the foreigner talk all the time with the C being silent) ----relation between fluency and expressivenessTeaching misleading: 将语言作为知识来学；语法中心论；哑巴英语From linguistic point of veiw, the filled pauses are usually not distinctive in function, for it often indicates hesitation on the part of the speaker. e.g.I learned English for six years in the middle school.But the silent pauses are usually distinctive in fuction. That's to say, different silent pausescan make a phrase or sentence mean differently. e.g.ais ＋kri:m ice cream1) aiskri:mai ＋skri:m I screamsee them eat------see the meat2) Those who went there / quickly made a fortune.A fortune was quickly made by those who went there .Those who went there quickly / made a fortune.A fortune was made by those who sold quickly.3) John says Mary is a fool.4）He said he was coming / today.He said / he was coming today.4) 亲爱的爸爸妈妈欢迎您！“已获得了大学文凭的和尚未获得大学文凭的干部都要学电脑。