2. Syntactic Relations
It refers to the relation between words in a sentence, which can be studied from both vertical and latitudinal perspectives.
Three types: 1)positional relation, 2)relation of substitutability 3)relations of co-occurrence.
How to do it
1. Brackets ( (Poor) (John) ) ( (ran)( away) )
2. Tree diagrams The girl chased the dog.
Features of IC Analysis
Advantages: Through ICA, the internal structure of a sentence may be demonstrated clearly, and ambiguities will be revealed.
Problems: First, binary divisions of ICA is not
always possible. Second, there exist technical problems for tree diagrams in ICA. Third, there are structural ambiguities which cannot be revealed by IC analysis .
1.1 Definition of Syntax
Syntax refers to the study of the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language, or simply, the study of the formation of sentences.
4.1 Syntagmatic Relation
It is a relation between elements that form part of the same form, sequence, construction, etc.
Also called horizontal relation or chain relation
Also called vertical relation or choice relation.
4.2 Immediate Constituent Analysis
It refers to the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents— word groups, which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate constituents are reached
4.1 Paradigmatic Relation
It is a relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at a particular pleen one element present and the others absent.
Chapter 4 Syntax
Content
I. Introduction to Syntax II. Syntactic relations III. Traditional Approach IV. Structural Approach V. Generative Approach VI. Functional Approach VII. Systemic-functional Approach
4. The Structural Approach
4.1 Syntagmatic & Paradigmatic Relations 组合关系和聚合关系
4.2 Immediate Constituent Analysis 直接成分分析
4.3 Endocentric & Exocentric Constructions 向心结构和离心结构
1.2 Approaches to Syntax
The Traditional Approach The Structural Approach The Generative Approach The Functional Approach The Systematic-functional Approach
3. The Traditional Approach
3.1 Category 范畴 p.96 3.2 Number, Gender and Case
数，性，格 3.2 Tense, Aspect and Mood
时态，体，语气 3.3 Agreement/Concord一致关系
Notional and grammatical ~
4.3 Endocentric & Exocentric Constructions
Endocentric Construction: p.89 1) subordinate ~:NP,VP,AP 2) coordinate ~: and, or,
Exocentric Construction: p.90 includes: basic sentence, PP,
5. The Generative Approach