语言学笔记陈银2014/2/28Teaching Goal of This Course⏹To get a scientific view on language;⏹To understand some basic theories on linguistics;⏹To understand the applications of the linguistic theories, especially in the fields oflanguage teaching & learning (SLA or TEFL), cross-cultural communication……;⏹To prepare for the future research work.Teaching Plan Introduction:⏹18-week academic term (including a 2-week holiday, one week revision )⏹Each week: 2-hour teaching⏹Main teaching material《语言学教程》第四版胡壮麟北京大学出版社⏹Auxiliary teaching materials《语言学概论》蓝纯外语教学与研究出版社PPT & handoutsDistribution of Grades⏹10 % Attendance⏹10 % Classroom Behavior⏹10 % Assignment and oral presentation⏹70 % Examination⏹The final examination paper will cover all the materials used and all works done duringclass time and after class time.Requirements:⏹Attendance is a “must”for every student.⏹Complete all the tasks required.⏹Self-discipline is necessary.⏹Be attentive and interactive in classroom discussion and presentation.⏹Self-study is desirable.⏹Preview and review the lessons or do some further reading.Group WorkGroup work requirements:1.Oral English (30%)2.PPT design (30%)3.Key points coverage (40%)Lecture 1Objectives:Students are to know the following:1.Why study language2.What is language3.Design features of language1. 1 Why study languageSome myths about language⏹Language is only a means of communication.⏹Language has a form-meaning correspondence.⏹The function of language is to exchange information.⏹English is more difficult to learn than Chinese.⏹Black English is not standard and should be reformed.⏹Children learn their native language swiftly, efficiently and without instruction.⏹Language operates by rules.⏹All languages have three major components: a sound system, a system oflexicogrammar and a system of semantics.⏹Everyone speaks a dialect.⏹Language slowly changes⏹Speakers of all languages employ a range of styles and a set of jargons.⏹Languages are intimately related to the societies and individuals who use them.⏹Writing is derivative of speech.1. Why study language⏹People know very little about language❑Stereotypical opinions about language⏹“English is for commerce, German for warfare, French for women,Italian for friends, Spanish for worship of God.”(Charles V, theSpanish Emperor)⏹Language A is superior to language B.❑Superstitions about language: curses and swears❑People know perfectly where and when and how to say what⏹Language is an integral part of our life and humanity.Yet we know little or even have wrong ideas about it.Where does language come from? How? When?Why is language human-specific?Why can a child learn his/her mother tongue so easily?How can we say one thing but mean another?Language has a form-meaning correspondence.The function of language is to exchange information.Future Career Goals may include:In the field of Academia:⏹Research and Teaching specializing in one or more of the many inter-disciplinary fields ofLinguisticsIn the field of education:❑Curriculum design and planning❑Language and literacy policies❑Museum exhibitions & educational programs❑Teaching:⏹languages⏹TESOL(teaching English to speakers of other languages)⏹literacyIn business:⏹Technical Writing⏹Toy Industry⏹Literacy in the Workplace⏹Advertising⏹Telephone CompaniesIn the field of health:⏹Socio/Psycho-linguistic Research⏹Speech pathology⏹Speech Analysis/Forensic LinguisticsIn government:❑Foreign affairs❑Justice (e.g. courtroom interpreting)❑Immigration❑First Nation affairs❑Forensic linguisticsIn the field of Artificial Intelligence:⏹Computational Linguists/Linguists working in areas such as:⏹Speech recognition programming⏹Language recognition programming⏹Lexicography/semantic variation⏹Multilingual programming⏹Natural Language ResearchThe importance of language study1，Language plays a central role in our lives as individuals and social beings.2，If we are not fully aware of the nature and mechanism of our language, we will be ignorant of what constitutes our essential humanity.Language can mean⏹what a person says (e.g. bad language, expressions)⏹the way of speaking or writing (e.g. Shakespeare’s language, Luxun’s language)⏹ a particular variety or level of speech or writing (e.g. language for special purpose,colloquial language)⏹the abstract system underlying the totality of the speech/writing behavior of a community(e.g. Chinese language, first language)⏹the common features of all human languages (e.g. He studies language)⏹ a tool for human communication. (social function)⏹ a set of rules. (rule-governed)1.2 What is language?Different sensesPoor languageShakespeare’s language Business languageThe English language A student of language CompetenceIdiolectVarietyAbstract system Universal system2. What is Language?Language “is not to be confused with human speech, of which it is only a definite part, though certainly an essential one. It is both a social product of the faculty of speech and a collection of necessary conventions that have been adopted by a social body to permit individuals to exercise that faculty”.--Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913): Course in General Linguistics (1916)译：“语言”是言语功能的社会产物，也是社团成员所能够接受的允许个人使用言语功能的必要规则的集合。