• Follow the visual framework used in the preparation outline. • Make sure the outline is legible. • Keep the outline as brief as possible. • Give yourself cues for delivering the speech.
Graphs
• Graph: a visual aid used to show statistical trends and patterns. • Line graph: a graph that uses one or more lines to show changes in statistics over time or space.
Follow the Visual Framework Used in the Preparation Outline
• Use the same visual framework as your preparation outline. • See instantly where you are in the speech at any given moment while you are speaking.
• Pie graph: a graph that highlights segments of a circle to show simple distribution patterns. • Bar graph: a graph that uses vertical or horizontal bars to show comparisons among two or more items.
• Preparation outline: a detailed outline developed during the process of speech preparation that includes the title, specific purpose, central idea, introduction, main points, subpoints, connectives, conclusion, and bibliography of a speech.
Labedy, and Conclusion
Use a Consistent Pattern of Symbolization and Indentation
• See APS page 120. • Visual framework: the pattern of symbolization and indentation in a speech outline that show the relationships among the speaker’s ideas.
Make Sure the Outline Is Legible
• It should be readable at a distance. • Use large lettering, leave extra space between lines, provide ample margins, and write or type on only one side of your paper or note card.
Attach a Bibliography
• Bibliography: a list of all the sources used in preparing a speech. • It shows all the books, magazines, newspapers, and Internet sources consulted, as well as any interviews or field research you conducted.
• It should contain key words or phrases, essential statistics and quotations. • It should also include cues to direct and sharpen your delivery.
Guidelines for the Speaking Outline
Photographs and Drawings
• Neither will work effectively unless they’re large enough for the audience to see without straining. • The most effective way to show drawings and photographs is with PowerPoint. • View an excerpt from “Machu Picchu: City of the Gods.
State Main Points and Subpoints in Full Sentences
• A skimpy preparation outline is of little value. • Stating main points and subpoints in full sentences will ensure that you develop your ideas fully.
• Another way: jot down on the outline explicit cues such as “pause”, “repeat”, “slow down”, “louder”, and so forth. • See APS pages 126-127: Sample Speaking Outline With Commentary.
Using Visual Aids
• As the old saying goes, one picture can be worth a thousand words. • Visual images can make a speaker’s message more interesting, make the audience grasp it more easily , and retain it longer.
Label Transitions, Internal Summaries, and Internal Preview
• Usually they’re not incorporated into the system of symbolization and indentation. • They’re labeled separately and are inserted in the outline where they’ll appear in the speech.
Give Yourself Cues for Delivering the Speech
• Delivery cues: directions in a speaking outline to help a speaker remember how he or she wants to deliver key parts of the speech. • One way: by underlining or highlighting key ideas that you want to be sure to emphasize.
Kinds of Visual Aids
• • • • • • • Objects and models. Photographs and drawings. Graphs. Charts. Video. The speaker. PowerPoint.
Objects and Models
• Model: an object, usually built to scale, that represents another object in detail. • View an excerpt from “CPR”: rescue breathing, presented on Video 12.1.
• The specific purpose statement and the central idea should be separate units that appear before the text of the outline itself. • How well you have constructed the speech to accomplish your purpose and to communicate your central idea.
Give Your Speech a Title
• Three requirements for a good speech title: (1) be brief; (2) attract the attention of your audience; (3) encapsulate the main thrust of your speech. • See APS pages 122-124. Sample Preparation Outline With Commentary.
The Speaking Outline
• Speaking outline: a brief outline used to jog a speaker’s memory during the presentation of a speech. • It helps you what you want to say. • A condensed version of your preparation outline.
Guidelines for the Preparation Outline