E.g.
• 1) visitors would make their way at once to the upper floor by way of the staircase. • 2) visitors should go upstairs at once. • 3) would you mind going upstairs please? • 4) time you all went upstairs now! • 5) up you go, chaps!
What is style?
• Style is the essential characteristic of every piece of writing, the outcome of the writer’s personality and his emotions at the moment, • and no single paragraph can be put together without revealing in some degree the nature of its author.
If you dare to play the fox with me, I will shoot you at once. • • • • • • • • 1) 你要是对我耍滑头，我马上毙了你。 2) 如果你有勇气对我搞阴谋诡计的话，我就非常迅速的 枪毙你。 3) 如果你敢跟我耍心眼，我立刻让你吃“定心丸”。 4) 再给脸不要脸，马上把你摆平! 5) 你这蹄子要是有半句假话，看不揭了你的皮！ 6) 汝敢戏吾，格杀勿论！ 7) 敢跟我扯，别说我马上废了你！ 8) 再敢跟老子唧唧歪歪嘞，小心一哈收拾你！
Translation standard for specialized translation: • 在西方，德国翻译理论家赖斯提出了翻译功能论 (functionalism)，她将文本分为信息型文本，表达型文本 和呼唤型文本三种类型。信息型文本主要是传递信息，表 达型文本要求传达信息的同时要表达美感，而呼唤型文本 则有超语言效果，要求引起读者的特定性行为，赖斯的学 生弗米尔进一步提出了翻译目的论(skopos)。 • 翻译目的论的三条基本规则是目的规则，连贯规则和忠实 规则，忠实规则服从于连贯规则，这两者都服从于目的规 则。从目的论的角度来讲，翻译的忠实是大的文化系统的 忠实，而非字对字，词对词的忠实。
Different styles (Martin Joos马丁.朱斯) 1) the frozen style (庄严体)：used in formal occasion like ceremonies. 2) the formal style (正式体): public address. 3) the consultative style(一般体，商谈体）： used in daily lives. 4) the casual style(随意体）：among friends. 5) the intimate style(亲密体）：between family members or bosom friends.
文体与翻译
Style and Translation
General Introduction
沈麟 副教授 博士后 硕士生导师
Comparison: • 1) Now allow me to propose a toast to the friendship between us. • 2) Here is to the health of our friends. • 3) Cheers! • 4) Bottoms up!Critical Th Nhomakorabeanking
Literary translation（文学翻译） • 文学翻译的本质是什么？ • 文学翻译有什么样的特点？
• Considering different communicative environment, methods, objectives and purposes, communicators would opt different language varieties that has different functions so as to perform their communication effectively. • The language varieties are what people called “style”
Specialized translation:
专业笔译的内容可以分为五大类： • 一般应用文，政治外交类，金融商务类，法律类和新闻时 事类。 • 专业翻译脱离了传统的 “信、达、雅” 标准，强调译文 的目的至上，以译者为中心，目标受众明确且备受关注。 强调以逻辑思维为主，以集体化项目操作为操作模式，翻 译作品交付时间短，强调准时交付，重视术语学。专业翻 译是为市场要求服务。而传统的翻译教学以文学文本的翻 译为主，译者需考虑的因素基本拘泥于文本，目标受众模 糊。
应用翻译的研究在中国也取得了突飞猛进的发展。
• 方梦之教授提出了应用翻译的三原则：达旨，循规和共喻。 • 达旨包括达到目的和传达意义两个方面，两者互为因果， 不能偏废； • 循规即遵循译入语的文化规范，要服从其政治语境和民族 文化环境； • 共喻则是要做到译文通顺，文体匹配。 • 达旨，循规，共喻三者各有侧重，互为因果。译者在翻译 过程中要以达旨为出发点，遵循译入语的社会文化规范， 力求达到共喻的结果。
Translation and Applied stylistics Generally speaking, translation can be divided into two parts: • specialized translation(专业笔译) • literary translation(文学翻译)
E.g. • 1) My beloved father has joined the heavenly choir. • 2) My dear father has passed away. • 3) My father has died. • 4) My old man has kicked the bucket.