译文：①要通过大规模地扩大投资来保证国民经济的高 速增长并不难，难就难在要实现经济的有效增长以及提 高企业的资本利润率和生产力。②最好是改变投资结构， 将投资转向国民经济中诸如农业、能源、通信等基础结 构工业，而不是盲目地将资本投资到房地产和有价证券 中。③然而，对基础结构工业的投资不会（至少在短期 内）带来较高的经济效益，因此，有必要将投资转向具 有较好经济效益的企业中。④ 但是在中国，具有较好
经济效益的企业，尤其是国有企业，一直只集中于如烟 草、石化、通讯等高度垄断的行业，而这些企业的高速 发展在促进整个国家经济的发展方面只起着非常有限的 作用。
1. 拆句法
汉语强调意合，简单句较多；英语强调形合，长句较
多。英语长句中主语或主句与修饰词的关系较为松散时，
如果按原文翻译，会使译文结构松散，意义不明确。这
时可以按照汉语多短句的习惯，把英语长句中的从句或
短语转化成短句分开来叙述。为了使语义连贯，有时需
将句子结构打乱，重新组合，甚至在译文中适当增加表
示逻辑关系的词语，以此顺应现代汉语中长短句交替、
单复句相间的句法修辞原则。

可以拆分的句子通常带有从句、较多短语或较多
并列成分。有时意义比较复杂的形容词或副词也可被译
以芝加哥大学荣誉教授弗里德曼为首的货币学派找出证 据，支持自己的论点。他们的证据是：自由市场本身就 能创造经济增长和就业机会，其高低多寡则视国民经济 所能承受的幅度而定。
（分析：带有明显聚合特点的英语长句，汉语译文理清 各层意思的脉络，将“evidence”（证据）重复翻译两 遍，从而把各从句分离出去独立成句，用多个离散句清 晰地表达原文意思，符合汉语的表达方式。）
第二讲 翻译技巧
一. 英汉句子结构差异 英语：形合型（hypotaxis)语言，以主谓结构为主
干，通过大量反映形式关系的动词不定式、分词、 介词、连词、关系代词、关系副词等把句子其他成 分架起来，呈现出由中心向外扩展的空间图式。
汉语：意合型 (parataxis)语言，通过多个动词的 连用或“流水句”，按时间顺序，一件一件事情叙 述，呈现的是一个时间顺序的流水图式。
Why waste breath on them, who have turned such an unwilling ear?
（既然）他们不愿意听，何必对其白费口舌呢？
例： Monetarists, led by University of Chicago Professor Emeritus Friedman armed themselves with evidence showing that free markets on their own produce as much growth and employment as an economy can sustain.
英语句子结构是语法的，汉语句子结构是语义的。
1. 英语重形合，汉语重意合。 It was quite late when the sales
representatives got back, nearly eleven o’clock in the evening. 销售人员回来时已经很晚，将近晚上十一点了。
英语句子结构：主语突出、常用虚主语、叙述呈静 态、句式成树式结构、思维重逻辑、句式严谨规范。
汉语句子结构： 主题突出、常用实主语、叙述呈
动态、句式成竹式结构、思维重语感、句式灵活多 变。
①It is not difficult to ensure high-speed growth of the national economy through expanded investment on a large scale, but it is difficult to realize effective economic growth and raise the enterprises’ capital profit rate and productivity. ②It is better to change investment structure and orient the investment to infrastructure industries of the national economy such as agriculture, energy, and communications than to blindly channel capital into real estate and securities；however, investment in the infrastructure industry will not (at least in the short term) bring high economic benefits.③ It is imperative to orient the investment to enterprises with better economic benefits, but in China, enterprises with better economic benefits, State-owned enterprises in particular, have been concentrated on the highly monopolized industries such as tobacco, petrochemicals and telecommunications, and the high speed development of these enterprises will play a limited role in promoting the whole of society.
为短句，甚至拆分独立的句子。
例：If a Party breaches any of the representations or warranties given by it in Article 18.1, then in addition to any other remedies available to the other Party under this contract or under Applicable Laws, it shall indemnify the other Party and the company against any losses, damages, costs, expenses, liabilities and claims that such Party or the Company may suffer as a result of such breach.