TOEFL词汇题精选440题001.Mostoftheseleaderswereinvolvedinpubliclife asreformers,activistsworkingforwomen'srighttov ote,orauthors,andwerenot representative atalloft hegreatofordinarRwomen.Theword"representative"isclosestinmeaningtowh ichoffollowing?(A)tRpical(B)satisfied(C)supportive(D)distinctive002.IntheUnitedStates,LouisComfortTiffanR(184 3-1933)wasthemostnotedeRponentofthisstRle,pro ducingagreatvarietRofglassformsandsurfaces,whi chwerewidelRcopiedintheirtimeandarehighlR pri zed todaR.Theword"prized"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoffol lowing?(A)valued(B)universal(C)uncommon(D)preserved003.TheArtNouveaustRlewasamajorforceinthed ecorativeartsfrom1895until1915,althoughitsinflu encecontinuedthroughoutthemid-1920's.ItwaseventuallRtobe overtaken bRanewsc hoolofthoughtknownasFunctionalismthathadbe enpresentsincetheturnofthecenturR.Theword"overtaken"isclosestinmeaningtowhich offollowing?(A)surpassed(B)inclined(C)eRpressed(D)applied004.Duringmostoftheirlives,surgeglaciersbehavel ikenormalglaciers,travelingperhapsonlRacouple ofinchesperdaR.However,at intervals of10to100R ears,theseglaciersmoveforwardupto100timesfast erthanusual.Theword"intervals"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoff ollowing?(A)records(B)speeds(C)distances(D)periods005.Theincreasingwaterpressureundertheglacier mightliftitoffitsbed,overcomingthefrictionbetwe eniceandrock,thus freeing theglacier,whichrapidlR slidersdownhillsurgeglaciersalsomightbeinfluence dbRtheclimate,volcanicheat,orearthquakes.Theword"freeing"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoffo llowing?(A)pushing(B)releasing(C)strengthening(D)draining006.AfloodoficewouldthensurgeintotheSouther nSea.Withthecontinuedriseinsealevel,moreicewo uld plunge intotheocean,causingsealevelstoriseev enhigher,whichinturnwouldreleasemoreiceandse tinmotionaviciouscRcle.Theword"plunge"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoffo llowing?(A)drop(B)eRtend(C)melt(D)drift007.Groupmemberslooktoinstrumentalleaderst o"getthingsdone."ERpressiveleadership,ontheoth erhand,isleadershipthatemphasizesthe collective well-beingofasocialgroup'smembers.Theword"collective"isclosestinmeaningtowhicho ffollowing?(A)necessarR(B)tRpical(C)group(D)particular008.TheRoffersRmpathRwhensomeoneeRperie ncesdifficultiesorissubjectedtodiscipline,arequickt olightenaseriousmomentwithhumor,andtrRto res olve issuesthatthreatentodividethegroup.Theword"resolve"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoffo llowing?(A)avoidrepeating(B)talkabout(C)avoidthinkingabout (D)findasolutionfor009.ThousandsoftonswereeRtractedbefore1875, whenitwasfirst noticed thatthetarcontainedfossilr emains.MajoreRcavationswereundertakenthates tablishedthesignificanceofthisremarkablesite.Theword"noticed"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoff ollowing?(A)predicted(B)announced(C)corrected(D)observed010.Sincethen,over100tonsoffossils,1.5millionfro mvertebrates,2.5millionfrominvertebrates,have beenrecovered,oftenindenselRconcentrated tangl ed masses.Theword"tangled"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoff ollowing?(A)buriedbeneath(B)twistedtogether(C)quicklRformed(D)easilRdated011.TheasphaltatLaBreaseepstothesurface,especia llRinthesummer,andformsshallowpuddlesthatwo uldoftenhavebeen concealed bRleavesanddust.Theword"concealed"isclosestinmeaningtowhich offollowing?(A)highlighted(B)covered(C)transformed(D)contaminated012.Theoceanbottom---aregionnearlR2.5timesgreaterthanthetotallandar eaoftheEarth---isavastfrontierthateventodaRislargelRuneRplore danduncharted,untilaboutacenturRago,thedeep-oceanfloorwascompletelR inaccessible,hiddenbe neathwatersaveragingover3,600metersdeep.Theword"inaccessible"isclosestinmeaningtowhich offollowing?(A)unrecognizable(B)unreachable(C)unusable(D)unsafe013.TheDSDP'sdrillship,theGlomarChallenger,w asabletomaintainasteadRpositionontheocean'ssu rfaceanddrillinverRdeepwaters,eRtracting sample sofsedimentsandrockfromtheoceanfloor.Theword"eRtracting"isclosestinmeaningtowhich offollowing?(A)breaking(B)locating(C)removing(D)analRzing014.TodaR,largelRonthe strength ofevidencegath eredduringtheGlomarChallenger'svoRages,nearl Rallearthscientistsagreeonthetheoriesofplatetect onicsandcontinentaldriftthateRplainmanRoftheg eologicalprocessesthatshapetheEarth.Theword"strength"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoff ollowing?(A)basis(B)purpose(C)discoverR(D)endurance015.ForeverRthreeCanadiansin1945,therewereo verfivein1966.InSeptember1966Canada'spopulat ionpassedthe20millionmark.Mostofthis surging gr owthcamefromnaturalincrease.Theword"surging"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoffo llowing?(A)new(B)eRtra(C)accelerating(D)surprising016.Whentheprairieswerebeingsettled,undoubte dlR,thegoodeconomicconditionsofthe1950'ssup portedagrowthinthepopulation,buttheeRpansio nalsoderivedfroma trend towardearliermarriages andanincreaseintheaveragesizeoffamilies.Theword"trend"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoffoll owing?(A)tendencR(B)aim(C)growth(D)directive017.Afterthe peak Rearof1957,thebirthrateinCana dabegantodecline.Itcontinuedfallinguntilin1966,i tstoodatthelowestlevelin25Rears.Theword"peak"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoffoll owing?(A)pointed(B)dismal(C)mountain(D)maRimum018.AlthoughthegrowthinCanada'spopulationha dsloweddownbR1966(theincreasethefirsthalfoft he1960'swasonlRninepercent),anotherlargepopu lationwavewascomingoverthehorizon.Itwouldb ecomposedofthechildrenwhowerebornduringth eperiodofthehighbirthrate priorto1957.Thephrase"priorto"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoff ollowing?(A)behind(B)since(C)during(D)preceding019.Advocates oforganicfoods---atermwhosemeaningvariesgreatlR---frequentlRproclaimthatsuchproductsaresaferand morenutritiousthanothers.Theword"Advocates"isclosestinmeaningtowhich offollowing?(A)Proponents(B)Merchants(C)Inspectors(D)Consumers020.Therearenumerous unsubstantiated reportsth atnaturalvitaminsaresuperiortosRntheticones,tha tfertilizedeggsarenutritionallRsuperiortounfertiliz edeggs,thatuntreatedgrainsarebetterthanfumigat edgrains,andthelike. Theword"unsubstantiated"isclosestinmeaningto whichoffollowing?(A)unbelievable(B)uncontested(C)unpopular(D)unverified021.ButinmanRcasesconsumersaremislediftheRb elieveorganicfoodscan maintain healthandprovid ebetternutritionalqualitRthanconventionallRgro wnfoods.Sothereisrealcauseforconcernifconsume rs,particularlRthosewithlimitedincomes,distrustt heregularfoodsupplRandbuRonlReRpensiveorga nicfoodsinstead.Theword"maintain"isclosestinmeaningtowhichof following?(A)improve(B)monitor(C)preserve(D)restore022.Inaddition,therewereperformersandsince co nsiderable importancewasattachedtoavoidingmis takesintheenactmentofrites,religiousleadersusuall Rassumedthattask.Theword"considerable"isclosestinmeaningtowhic hoffollowing?(A)thoughtful(B)substantial(C)relational(D)ceremonial023.Inaddition,therewereperformersandsinceco nsiderableimportancewasattachedtoavoidingmis takesinthe enactment ofrites,religiousleadersusuall Rassumedthattask.Theword"enactment"isclosestinmeaningtowhich offollowing?(A)establishment(B)performance(C)authorization(D)season024.Staggering tasksconfrontedthepeopleoftheU nitedStates,NorthandSouth,whentheCivilWaren ded.Aboutamillionandahalfsoldiersfrombothside shadtobedemobilized,readjustedtocivilianlife,an dreabsorbedbRthedevastatedeconomR.Theword"Staggering"isclosestinmeaningtowhich offollowing?(A)specialized(B)confusing(C)various(D)overwhelming025.Aboutamillionandahalfsoldiersfrombothsid eshadtobedemobilized,readjustedtocivilianlife,a ndreabsorbedbRthe devastated economR.Theword"devastated"isclosestinmeaningtowhich offollowing?(A)developing(B)ruined(C)complicated(D)fragile 026.SomebotanistshRpothesizedthatthelivingcell sofplantsactedaspumps.ButmanReRperiments de monstrated thatthestemsofplantsinwhichallthecel lsarekilledcanstillmovewatertoappreciableheight s.Theword"demonstrated"isclosestinmeaningtowh ichoffollowing?(A)ignored(B)showed(C)disguised(D)distinguished027.Aswaterislostfromthesurfaceoftheleaves,ane gativepressure,ortension,iscreated.Theevaporate dwaterisreplacedbRwatermovingfrominsidethep lantinunbrokencolumnsthat eRtend fromthetopof aplanttoitsroots.Thesameforcesthatcreatesurface tensioninanRsampleofwaterareresponsibleforthe maintenanceoftheseunbrokencolumnsofwater.Theword"eRtend"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoffo llowing?(A)stretch(B)branch(C)increase(D)rotate028.BRopening vast areasofunoccupiedlandforres identialeRpansion,theomnibuses,horserailwaRs,c ommutertrains,andelectrictrolleRspulledsettledre gionsoutwardtwotofourtimesmoredistantfromci tRcentersthantheRwereinthepremodernera.Theword"vast"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoffollo wing?(A)large(B)basic(C)new(D)urban029.ThenewaccessibilitRoflandaroundtheperiph erRofalmosteverRmajorcitR sparked aneRplosion ofrealestatedevelopmentandfueledwhatwenow knowasurbansprawl.Between1890and1920,fore Rample,some250,000newresidentiallotswererec ordedwithinthebordersofChicago,mostofthemlo catedinoutlRingareas.Theword"sparked"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoff ollowing?(A)broughtabout(B)surrounded(C)sentout(D)followed030.AnRioustotakeadvantageofthepossibilitiesof commuting,realestatedevelopersadded800,000 potential buildingsitestotheChicagoregioninjustth irtRRears-lotsthatcouldhavehousedfivetosiRmillionpeople.Theword"potential"isclosestinmeaningtowhichof following?(A)certain(B)popular(C)improved(D)possible031.ThequalitRofpreservationis outstanding,but whatisevenmoreimpressiveisthenumberofichthR osaurfossilscontainingpreservedembrRos. Theword"outstanding"isclosestinmeaningtowhic hoffollowing?(A)eRtensive(B)surprising(C)vertical(D)eRcellent032.IchthRosaurswithembrRoshavebeenreporte dfrom6differentlevelsoftheshaleinasmallareaaro undHolzamden,suggestingthataspecific site wasus edbRlargenumbersofichthRosaursrepeatedlRove rtime.Theword"site"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoffollo wing?(A)eRample(B)location(C)development(D)characteristic033.ThequalitRofpreservationisalmostunmatche d,andquarrRoperationshavebeencarriedoutcaref ullRwithanawarenessofthevalueofthefossils.Butt hesefactorsdonot accountfor theinterestingquesti onofhowtherecametobesuchaconcentrationofpr egnantichthRosaursinaparticularplaceverRcloset otheirtimeofgivingbirth.Thephrase"accountfor"isclosestinmeaningtowhic hoffollowing?(A)record(B)describe(C)equal(D)eRplain034.IntheseventeenthcenturRtheorgan,theclavic hord,andtheharpsichordbecamethechiefinstrume ntsofthekeRboardgroup,a supremacR theRmainta ineduntilthepianosupplantedthemattheendofthe eighteenthcenturR.Thewords"asupremacR"inline9areclosestinmeani ngto(A)asuggestion(B)animprovement(C)adominance(D)adevelopment035.Aseriesofmechanicalimprovementscontinuin gwellintothenineteenthcenturR,includingtheintr oductionofpedalstosustaintoneortosoftenit,thep erfectionofametalframe,andsteelwireofthefinest qualitR,finallRproducedaninstrumentcapableof mRriad tonaleffectsfromthemostdelicateharmoni estoanalmostorchestralfullnessofsound,fromaliq uid,singingtonetoaship,percussivebrilliance.Theword"mRriad"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoff ollowing?(A)noticeable(B)manR(C)loud(D)unusual036.EachonewasvirtuallRastonetown,whichiswh RtheSpanishwouldlatercallthempueblos,theSpani shwordfortowns.Thesepueblosrepresentoneofth eAnasazis'supreme achievements.Atleastadozenla rgestonehousestookshapebelowthebluffsofChiac oCanRoninnorthwestNewMeRico.Theword"supreme"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoff ollowing?(A)mostcommon(B)mostoutstanding(C)mosteRpensive(D)mostconvenient037.TheRfunctionedassanctuarieswheretheelder smettoplanfestivals,performritualdances,settle pu ebloaffairs,andimparttriballoretotheRoungergen eration.Theword"settle"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoffoll owing?(A)sink(B)decide(C)clarifR(D)locate038.Then,toconnectthepueblosandtogiveaccesst othesurroundingtableland,thearchitectslaidoutas Rstemofpublicroadswithstonestaircasesfor ascend ing clifffaces.Theword"ascending"isclosestinmeaningtowhicho ffollowing?(A)arrivingat(B)carving(C)connecting(D)climbing039.WithinaverRshorttime,however,theincongr uitRofplaRinglivelRmusictoa solemn filmbecamea pparent,andfilmpianistsbegantotakesomecarein matchingtheirpiecestothemoodofthefilm.Theword"solemn"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoff ollowing?(A)simple(B)serious(C)short(D)silent040.CertainfilmshadmusicespeciallR composed fo rthem.ThemostfamousoftheseearlRspecial scores wasthatcomposedandarrangedforD.W.Griffith'sf ilmBirthofaNation,whichwasreleasedin1915.Theword"composed"isclosestinmeaningtowhich offollowing?(A)selected(B)combined(C)plaRed(D)createdTheword"scores"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoffoll owing?(A)totals(B)successes(C)musicalcompositions(D)groupsofmusicians041.TheEarth comprises threeprincipallaRers:thed ense,iron-richcore,themantlemadeofsilicaterocksthatarese mimoltenatdepth,andthethin,solid-surfacecrust.Theword"comprises"isclosestinmeaningtowhicho ffollowing?(A)adaptsto(B)benefitsfrom (C)consistsof(D)focuseson042.Theseplatesmoveoverthesemimoltenlower mantletoproduceallofthemajortopographicalfea turesoftheEarth.Activezoneswhere intense deform ationoccursareconfinedtothenarrow,interconnec tingboundariesofcontactoftheplates.Theword"intense"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoffo llowing?(A)surface(B)sudden(C)rare(D)eRtreme043.Newoceaniccrustisformedalongoneormore margins ofeachplatebRmaterialissuingfromdeepe rlaRersoftheEarth'scrust,foreRample,bRvolcanice ruptionsoflavaatmidoceanridges.Theword"margins"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoff ollowing?(A)edges(B)peaks(C)interiors(D)distances044.Ifatsuchaspreadingcontactthetwoplates supp ort continents,ariftisformedthatwillgraduallRwid enandbecomefloodedbRthesea.TheAtlanticOcea nformedlikethisastheAmericanandAfro-Europeanplatesmoveinoppositedirections.Theword"support"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoff ollowing?(A)separate(B)create(C)reduce(D)hold045.Coincidentwithconcernsabouttheacceleratin glossofspeciesandhabitatshasbeenagrowing appre ciation oftheimportanceofbiologicaldiversitR,the numberofspeciesinaparticularecosRstem,tothehe althoftheEarthandhumanwell-being.Theword"appreciation"isclosestinmeaningtowhic hoffollowing?(A)ignorance(B)recognition(C)tolerance(D)forgiveness046.AnalieneRploringEarthwouldprobablRgive prioritRtotheplanet'sdominant,most-distinctivefeature-theocean.Humanshavea bias towardlandthatsom etimesgetsinthewaRoftrulReRaminingglobalissue s.Theword"bias"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoffollo wing?(A)concern(B)disadvantage(C)attitude(D)prejudice047.The prevailing windsintheGreatBasinarefrom thewest.Warm,moistairfromthePacificOceanisfor cedupwardasitcrossestheSierraNevada.Theword"prevailing"isclosestinmeaningtowhicho ffollowing?(A)mostfrequent(B)occasional(C)gentle(D)mostdangerous048.Thereseemtohavebeenseveralperiodswithin thelasttensofthousandsofRearswhenwater accum ulated inthesebasins.Theriseandfallofthelakeswer eundoubtedlRlinkedtotheadvancesandretreatsof thegreaticesheetsthatcoveredmuchofthenorthern partoftheNorthAmericancontinentduringthoseti mes.Theword"accumulated"isclosestinmeaningtowhic hoffollowing?(A)dried(B)flooded(C)collected(D)evaporated049.Alllivingcreature,especiallRhumanbeings,ha vetheirpeculiarities,buteverRthingaboutthelittles eacucumberseemsunusual.Whatelsecanbesaidab outa bizarre animalthat,amongothereccentricities, eatsmud,feedsalmostcontinuouslRdaRandnightb utcanlivewithouteatingforlongperiods,andcanbe poisonousbutisconsideredsupremelRediblebRgo urmets?Thephrase"bizarre"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoff ollowing?(A)odd(B)marine(C)simple(D)rare050.Itsmajorenemiesarefishandcrabs,whenattack ed,itsquirtsallitsinternalorgansintothewater.Itals o castsoff attachedstructuressuchastentacles.These acucumberwilleviscerateandregenerateitselfifitisa ttackedoreventouched;itwilldothesameifthesurr oundingwatertemperatureistoohighorifthewater becomestoopolluted.Thephrase"castsoff"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoff ollowing?(A)growsagain(B)grabs(C)getsridof(D)usesasaweapon051.Afolkcultureissmall,isolated,cohesive,conser vative,nearlRself-sufficientgroupthatis homogeneous incustomandr ace,withastrongfamilRorclanstructureandhighlR developedrituals.Theword"homogeneous"isclosestinmeaningtowh ichoffollowing?(A)uniform(B)general(C)primitive(D)traditional052.UnalteredfolkculturesnolongereRistinindust rializedcountriessuchastheUnitedStatesandCanad a.PerhapsthenearestmodernequivalentinAnglo-AmericaistheAmish,aGermanAmericanfarmingse ctthat largelRrenounces theproductsandlaborsavi ngdevicesoftheindustrialage.Thephrase"largelRrenounces"isclosestinmeaningt owhichoffollowing?(A)generallRrejects(B)greatlRmodifies(C)loudlRdeclares(D)oftencriticizes053.Secularinstitutions,ofcontrolsuchasthepolice andarmRtaketheplaceofreligionandfamilRinmai ntainingorder,andamoneR-basedeconomR prevails.Becauseofthesecontrasts, "popular"maRbeviewedasclearlRdifferentfrom"f olk".Theword"prevails"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoff ollowing?(A)dominates(B)provides(C)develops(D)invests054.Conventionalcomputermodelsoftheatmosp herehavelimitedvalueinpredictingshort-livedlocalstormsliketheEdmontontornado,becau setheavailableweatherdataaregenerallRnotdetail edenoughtoallowcomputerstodiscernthe subtle at mosphericchangesthatprecedethesestorms.Theword"subtle"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoffoll owing?(A)compleR(B)regular(C)imagined(D)slightmunicationssatellitescantransmitdataar oundtheworldcheaplRandinstantaneouslR,andmoderncomputerscanquicklR compile andanalRzin gthislargevolumeofweatherinformation.Theword"compile"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoff ollowing?(A)puttogether(B)lookup(C)pilehigh(D)workover056.Meteorologistsandcomputerscientistsnoww orktogethertodesigncomputerprogramsandvide oequipmentcapableoftransforming raw weatherd ataintowords,sRmbols,andvividgraphicdisplaRst hatforecasterscaninterpreteasilRandquicklR.Theword"raw"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoffollo wing?(A)stormR(B)inaccurate(C)uncooked(D)unprocessed057.PeopleintheUnitedStatesinthenineteenthcen turRwerehauntedbRthe prospect thatunprecedent edchangeinthenation'seconomRwouldbringsocia lchaos.Theword"Prospect"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoff ollowing?(A)regret(B)possibilitR(C)theorR(D)circumstance 058.Althoughthebirthratecontinuedtodeclinefro mitshighleveloftheeighteenthandearlRnineteenth centurR,thepopulation roughlR doubledeverRgen erationduringtherestofthenineteenthcenturies.As thepopulationgrew,itsmakeupalsochanged.Theword"roughlR"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoff ollowing?(A)harshlR(B)surprisinglR(C)slowlR(D)approRimatelR059.Rapidindustrializationandincreasedgeograp hicmobilitRinthenineteenthcenturRhadspecialim plicationsforwomenbecausethesechangestendedt o magnifR social distinctions.Astherolesmenandw omenplaRedinsocietRbecamemorerigidlRdefine d,sodidtherolestheRplaRedinthehome.Theword"magnifR"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoff ollowing?(A)solve(B)eRplain(C)analRze(D)increaseTheword"distinctions"isclosestinmeaningtowhich offollowing?(A)differences(B)classes(C)accomplishments(D)characteristics060.Inscience,atheorRisareasonableeRplanation ofobservedeventsthatare related.AtheorRoftenin volvesanimaginarRmodelthathelpsscientistspictu rethewaRanobservedeventcouldbeproduced.Theword"related"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoffo llowing?(A)connected(B)described(C)completed(D)identified061.Ifobservationsconfirmthescientists'prediction s,thetheorRis supported.Theword"supported"isclosestinmeaningtowhich offollowing?(A)finished(B)adjusted(C)investigated(D)upheld062.Theicetradegrewwiththegrowthofcities.Ice wasusedinhotels,taverns,andhospitals,andbRsom e forward-looking citRdealersinfreshmeat,freshfish,andbutte r.Thephrase"forward-looking"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoffollowing?(A)progressive(B)popular(C)thriftR(D)well-established 063.MakinganefficienticeboRwasnotaseasRaswe mightnowsuppose.IntheearlRnineteenthcenturR, theknowledgeofthephRsicsofheat,whichwasesse ntialtoascienceofrefrigeration,was rudimentarR.Theword"rudimentarR"isclosestinmeaningtowhi choffollowing?(A)growing(B)undeveloped(C)necessarR(D)uninteresting064.Asidefromperpetuatingitself,the sole purpose oftheAmericanAcademRandInstituteofArtsandLe ttersisto"foster,assistandsustainaninterest"inliterat ure,music,andart.Theword"sole"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoffollo wing?(A)onlR(B)honorable(C)common(D)official065.Oneaward subsidizes apromisingAmericanwr iter'svisittoRome.ThereisevenanawardforaverRg oodworkoffictionthatfailedcommerciallR-oncewonbRtheRoungJohnUpdikeforThePoorho useFairand,morerecentlR,bRAliceWalkerforInLo veandTrouble.Theword"subsidizes"isclosestinmeaningtowhicho ffollowing?(A)assures(B)finances(C)schedules(D)publishesmitteemembership rotates everRRear,so thatnewvoicesandopinionsareconstantlRheard.Theword"rotates"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoffo llowing?(A)alternates(B)participates(C)decides(D)meets067.Oneimportantlineofevidencecomesfromflak ingpatternsofstonecoresusedintoolmaking:imple ments flakedwithaclockwisemotion(indicatingari ght-handedtoolmaker)canbedistinguishedfromhosefl akedwithacounter-clockwiserotation(indicatingaleft-handedtoolmaker).Theword"implements"isclosestinmeaningtowhic hoffollowing?(A)tools(B)designs(C)eRamples(D)pieces068.Evenscratchesfoundonfossilhumanteethoffer clues.Ancienthumansarethoughttohavecutmeati ntostripsbRholdingitbetweentheirteethandslicing itwithstoneknives,asdothepresent-daRInuit.Theword"clues"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoffoll owing?(A)solutions(B)details (C)damage(D)information069.Thevariationbetweenthe hemispheres corres pondstowhichsideofthebodRisusedtoperformspe cificactivities.Suchstudies,aswellasstudiesoftoolus e,indicatethatright-orleft-sideddominanceisnoteRclusivetomodernHomos apiens.Theword"hemispheres"isclosestinmeaningtowhic hoffollowing?(A)differences(B)sides(C)activities(D)studies070.Plantsare subjectto attackandinfectionbRare markablevarietRofsRmbioticspeciesandhaveevol vedadiversearraRofmechanismsdesignedtofrustr atethepotentialcolonists.Thephrase"subjectto"isclosestinmeaningtowhich offollowing?(A)susceptibleto(B)classifiedbR(C)attractiveto(D)strengthenedbR071.TheeRternalsurfacesofplants,inadditiontobei ngcoveredbRanepidermisandawaRRcuticle,ofte ncarrRspikRhairsknownastrichomes,whicheither preventfeedingbRinsectsormaReven puncture and killinsectlarvae.Theword"puncture"isclosestinmeaningtowhichof following?(A)pierce(B)pinch(C)surround(D)cover072.OrchidsareuniqueinhavingthemosthighlRde velopedofallblossoms,inwhichtheusualmaleandf emalereproductiveorgansare fused inasinglestruct urecalledthecolumn.Theword"fused"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoffoll owing?(A)combined(B)hidden(C)fertilized(D)produced073.To lure theirpollinatorsfromafar,orchidsusea ppropriatelRintriguingshapes,colors,andscents.A tleast50differentaromaticcompoundshavebeena nalRzedintheorchidfamilR,eachblendedtoattract one,oratmostafew,speciesofinsectsorbirds.Theword"lure"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoffollo wing?(A)attract(B)recognize(C)follow(D)help074.Oncetherightinsecthasbeenattracted,someor chidspresentallsortsofone-waRobstaclecoursestomakesureitdoesnotleaveu ntilpollenhasbeenaccuratelR placed orremoved. Theword"placed"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoffol lowing?(A)estimated(B)measured(C)deposited(D)identified075.BRsuchingeniousadaptationstospecificpollin ators,orchidshaveavoidedthehazardsoframpantc rossbreedinginthewild,assuringthesurvivalofspeci esas discrete identities.AtthesametimetheRhavem adethemselvesirresistibletocollectors.Theword"discrete"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoff ollowing?(A)complicated(B)separate(C)inoffensive(D)functional076.ThepublicschoolsRstemsuddenlRfounditself overtaRed.Whilethenumberofschoolchildrenros ebecauseofwartimeandpostwarconditions,theses ameconditionsmadetheschoolsevenlessprepared tocopewiththeflood.Theword"overtaRed"isclosestinmeaningtowhich offollowing?(A)wellprepared(B)plentifullRsupplied(C)heavilRburdened(D)chargedtoomuch077.Therefore,inthe1950'sand1960's,thebabRbo omhitanantiquatedand inadequate schoolsRstem.ConsequentlR,the"custodialrhetoric"ofthe1930'sa ndearlR1940'snolongermadesense;thatis,keeping RouthsagedsiRteenandolderoutofthelabormarke tbRkeepingtheminschoolcouldnolongerbeahigh prioritRforaninstitutionunabletofindspaceandsta fftoteachRoungerchildrenagedfivetosiRteen.Theword"inadequate"isclosestinmeaningtowhich offollowing?(A)deficient(B)eRpanded(C)innovative(D)specialized078.WiththebabRboom,thefocusofeducatorsand oflaRmeninterestedineducation inevitablR turned towardthelowergradesandbacktobasicacademics killsanddiscipline.Theword"inevitablR"isclosestinmeaningtowhich offollowing?(A)unwillinglR(B)impartiallR(C)irrationallR(D)unavoidablR079.DeeplRphilosophicalhistorianssuchasHenrR Adams lamented therolethatthenewfrenzRforbusi nesswasplaRinginerodingtraditionalvalues.Adistr ustofindustrRandbusinesscontinuedamongwriter sthroughouttherestofthenineteenthcenturRandin tothetwentieth.Theword"lamented"isclosestinmeaningtowhicho ffollowing?(A)complainedabout (B)analRzed(C)eRplained(D)reflectedon080.Onethinksofmelodramas,boRs'books,thrille rs,romances,andthelikeratherthannovelsofthe firs trank.Thephrase"firstrank"isclosestinmeaningtowhichof following?(A)largestcategorR(B)highestqualitR(C)earliestwriters(D)mostdifficultlanguage081.Thesewriters,whocangenuinelRbesaidtohav ecreatedagenre,the"railroadnovel,"arenowmostl Rforgotten,theirnameshaving fadedfrom memor R.Thewords"fadedfrom"inline21areclosestinmeani ngto(A)grewin(B)disappearedfrom(C)remainedin(D)developedfrom082.Theenginethatbecamestandardonwesternste amboatswasofadifferentand novel design.Itwasth eworkprimarilRofanunsungheroofAmericanindu strialprogress,OliverEvans(1755-1819).Theword"novel"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoffoll owing?(A)fictional。