第一章句子的构成语法学习顺序：单句---连词---（用连词将单句合在一起形成）复合句、复杂句---将从句变成分词短语、不定式短语．．．句子结构搞懂然后看文章，勤看文章，翻字典，用语法。
单句的形成：主语＋动词英文里面没有主语，没有动词是不行的。
第一节主语可以充当主语的词类，两大词类：名词、代词（名词、代词、动名词、不定式短语、名词从句（句子、问句变成名词）、名词短语）1、名词：The young man is handsome.The young gril is very beautiful.The table is good.2、代词She is my mother.They are beautiful.It is good.3、动名词动词做主语：中文可以用动词做主语，但是英文不可以，要把动词变成名词的形态后再做主语。
把动词变成的名词叫做动名词。
动名词：动词+ing定义：英语中的动名词是由动词变化而来，它仍一方面保留着动词的某些特征，具有动词的某些变化形式，用以表达名词所不能表达的较为复杂的意念，另一方面动名词在句子的用法及功能与名词类同：在句子可以做主语、宾语、表语、定语。
它也可以被副词修饰或者用来支配宾语。
动名词(做主语)：所表示的动作已经做过、有经验、已经事实。
Studying English it is Interesting.Working with him is fine.4、不定式短语to+动词原形to+V原形to---虚词短语---就是两个以上的单词构成的字群。
动名词短语：to go不定式短语：working whit him不定式短语做主语：所表示的动作通常还未做。
未做的事情、目的、梦想、计划、理想用不定式to（做主语）。
To buy something is one of plans.To see him is my purpose.To study abroad is my dream.动名词短语做主语：所表示的动作已经做过、有经验、已经事实。
Working with him is fine.5、主语太长时用虚的主语it代替，不定式短语（to+v原形）放在句尾；动名词（V-ing）改成to不定式放句尾。
To study abroad is my bream.To study abroad with him is my bream.To study abroad with a friend of mine by the name of John is my bream.→It is my plan to study abroad with my very good friend of mine whose call John.Learning English with Peter is fine.→It is fine to learn English with Peter.6、that名词从句中文可以用句子做主语，英文不可以，要把句子变成名词的形状。
句子如何变成名词：句子变成从句，句子前面加that名词从句：句子要变成名词做主语，句子前面用that名词从句：That +句子That he loves me is true.That she studies hard is true.That he doesn't agree with me makes me angry.7、从句做主语句子长时用it虚代词代替，从句放句尾。
That he doesn't agree with me makes me angry.→It makes me angry that he doesn’t agree with me.8、三种名词从句问句做主语也是需要变成名词从句。
总结名词从句做主语有三种：戴慧怡1）that引导的名词从句做主语：that+句子That she studies hard is true.2）whether引导的名词从句做主语：（可以用yes或者no回答的一般疑问句，）whether+句子，后面的句子主语和助词不能倒装Is she beautiful?Yes she is. No she isn’t.→Whether she is（不能倒装）beautiful remains to be seen.她是否美有待观察。
Will he come?Yes he will. No he won’t.→Whether he will (不能倒装) come remains to be seen.3）特殊疑问词引导的名词从句做主语：（不能用yes、no回答的特殊疑问句）特殊疑问词+句子，后面的句子主语和助词不能倒装Where will he go?Where is he going?→Where he will go(不能倒装) is still a question.→Where he will go(不能倒装) remains to be seen.What will he do？→What he will do is still a question.9、名词从句做主语句子长时用it虚代词代替，从句放句尾。
这三个主语用名词从句形成的都可以用it代替。
That she studies hard is true.→It is true that she studies hard.Whether she will come is not know yet.→It is not know yet whether she will cone.What he will do is still a question.→It is still a question what he will do.10、名词短语特殊疑问词形成的名词从句化简过来的，前面放疑问词，后面放不定式短语。
特殊疑问词+不定式短语名词短语都是名词从句变过来的。
Where to goWhat to doWhen to comeWhom to seeHow to do itWhere we should go（从句）→where to goHow we should do（从句）→How to do it但是：why不能形成名词短语Why did he cry？→Why he cried（从句）is something we don’t know.→Why to cry（名词短语）（×）Why可以形成名词从句，但是不能形成名词短语。
11、介词短语（表示距离、时间）做主语From开头做主语From A to B 表示距离From A till B 表示时间因为前面省略了The distanceFrom Beijing to Guangzhou is a long distance.The distance from Beijing to Guangzhou is a long distance.By studying hard is important.（×）From 1990 till 2003 is a long period of time.第二节动词的种类及其用法主语+动词动词分为五种：（将来的五大句型）完全及物动词不完全及物动词完全不及物动词不完全不及物动词授予动词定义：按动词后可否直接跟宾语，可以把动词分成两种：及物动词与不及物动词。
及物动词vt.是一般后面可直接加宾语的动词，有被动形式；不及物动词vi.不可直接加宾语，是没有被动式的。
不及物动词后不能直接跟有动作的对象（即宾语）。
若要跟宾语，必须先在其后添加上某个介词，如to，of，at后方可跟上宾语。
区分及物不及物动词的方法：验证是否有被动形式写中文：我他。
他被我。
放动词进去，翻译中文是否意思通顺，主动、被动都可以翻译通顺的就是及物动词。
准确度99%，1%的例外自然而然会克服。
Hit：及物：I hit him. Him was hit.Run:跑步---不及物；跑---及物；经营---及物。
I run five businesses.(vt.)（完全及物动词c. vt.动词加了宾语（名词、代词）之后，意思很完全。
）宾语：具有名词性功能的既可以做主语也可以做宾语。
后面有其他词也是修饰语，例如：形容词、副词、状语、介词短语做状语……I love her.我爱她。
Her is loved by me.她被我爱。
I hit him.我打他。
Make：制造I make a chair.→c.vt.(完全不及物动词c. vi.动词后面不加宾语，意思很完全。
)Dance：→c.viI danced.He danced.(不完全及物动词i. vt.动词加了宾语，意思仍然不完全，宾语后面放补充语，补足它的意思不足的。
)Make:使…成为…I make him happy.→i.vt.(不完全不及物动词i. vi.动词是不及物动词，意思不完全，动词后面放补充语或者补充语，补足动词意思的不足。
)Become：变成→i. vi.She became beautiful.1、完全不及物动词：只要是不及物动词只有两种,没有被动语态。
主语+完全不及物动词主语+be+Vi-ing现在分词I danced.我跳舞了。
He danced.他跳舞了。
现在分词：进行时两种时态，Be+V-ing现在正在：I am dancing.我现在在跳舞。
当时正在：I was dancing.我当时在跳舞。
He was running.他当时跑了。
He was danced.(×)2、不完全不及物动词：主语+不完全不及物动词+补足语定义：补足语，就是用来补充说明宾语、或主语的句子成分。
主语补足语可用名词、形容词、副词、动词、介词短语等。
不完全不及物动词不能单独存在，后面要跟补足语。
（be、become、get）He became beautiful.He became a doctor.He became a good boy.She became beautiful.她变得美丽了。
Be→i.vi.是：+名词做补足语：It is book.不翻译：+形容词：She is beautiful.在：+表场所的状语、副词、介词短语：He is at the station.I am here.正在：+：He is dancing.Get→获得c. vt.→变成i. vi.（后面跟生气的字眼）He got angry（med）.He got handsome.(×)变成：become+任何形容词get+表生气的形容词He got angry.他变得生气。