《旅游学概论》教学大纲编写说明一、教学目的旅游业已经成为当今许多国家经济增长最为迅速的部门之一。
2000年，WTO的评估报告指出，旅行和旅游业是世界上最大的行业之一，能创造出良好的就业机会，是建筑业和制造业的催化剂。
经济的重要性和光明前景使世界上几乎每个国家都致力于发展旅游业。
然而在旅游活动和旅游业的发展过程中，人们遇到了许多复杂的问题和矛盾。
要客观科学地对待这些问题和矛盾，必须对旅游有一个比较全面的、历史的、逻辑的了解和认识；必须充分认识旅游对经济、社会、文化、生态、环境所带来的正面和负面影响；必须从适当的角度出发，从同时兼顾和满足旅游者、旅游业和旅游接待地区居民三方利益。
如果不了解旅游者，不了解旅游体系的构成要素及各要素之间的关系，不了解现代旅游活动的特点及其发展趋势等必需的专业化知识，难以应对全球一体的市场化竞争和专业化经营时代。
旅游学就是研究旅游者及其旅游活动、旅游业及其开发经营活动以及双方活动对旅游接待地区的社会、经济和环境之影响的科学，是各旅游专业人才教育中都有必要开设的专业基础课。
旅游学同社会科学中其他学科一样，它以旅游发展的实践为基础，从整理和了解旅游现象中分析并总结旅游发展的逻辑性和合理从，从而发现其活动规律。
旅游是世界性的社会现象，但旅游发展的基本规律是不因国界而改变的，只有了解和吸取世界各国在发展旅游方面的经验和教训，学习和借鉴国际学术界在旅游研究方面取得的共识性成果，才能使我国旅游业的发展少走弯路，尽快使我国跻身世界旅游强国的行列。
通过双语教学培养既具有扎实专业理论和专业知识，又能熟练使用一门外语进行专业学习和交流的“双用人才”。
二、课程性质《旅游学概论》课程针对旅游理论和实践两个方面的基本问题进行概要性的阐释和论述。
主要阐释目前在国内外旅游学界已经达成共识性的与旅游有关的基本概念，讲述社会发展与旅游活动之间的关系，阐述现代旅游活动的种类、表现形式及其特点，分析旅游活动体系构成要素之间的关系，介绍旅游业宏、微观经营管理的基础理论与基本知识，讲述旅游对接待地区经济、社会、文化、环境和政治的基本影响，以及探讨旅游发生、发展、演变及其分布的基本规律。
旅游学理论方法主要是通过“解决问题”式的途径逐步从其他相关学科移植、渗透和融合而来。
为适应复杂多样、不断变化着的旅游现象，旅游学在发展过程中，经过多年的过滤、积淀、整合，不断吸取其他学科的成果，拓展本学科的研究内容，并分化出很多新学科，基本形成了一个多学科、多层次的较为宽广的学科体系。
旅游学科属于交叉学科，涉及自然、经济、生态、社会等多门学科。
由于研究的成分多，现象复杂，学科的综合性特别明显。
随着学科的发展，旅游学与相关学科之间的交叉和融合还会不断加强，学科的综合性的特点将不断深化旅游学概论是对旅游学学科理论的总结和概括，也是旅游学科的核心和灵魂，对各分支学科的研究与指导意义。
根据学科对象和内容，旅游学与许多相邻学科有着密不可分、相互补充的关系。
作为其他所有与旅游相关的学科的基础学科，旅游学概论是旅游管理专业学生必修的学科基础课。
三、课程基本内容《旅游学概论》本课程内容分为七个部分：第一部分简要说明旅游的发展状况及其目前世界经济中的重要性，阐述旅游学研究对象的旅游的概念，现代旅游活动以及旅游者的类型、表现形式及其特点，从空间的角度观察旅游现象，并了解旅游活动体系构成要素之间的关系。
旅游、旅游者、旅游产品的基本概念，旅游产品的概念、特征，旅游产品的服务质量。
第二部分简要讲述人类旅游活动发展历史，以及旅游业产生及其发展历程。
通过对人类旅行和旅游活动发展状况的观察和了解，认识人类旅行和旅游活动是社会经济发展的产物并随着社会经济的发展而演进这一最基本的旅游活动发展规律。
第三部分阐述旅游动机和旅游行为，影响旅游动机的因素，包括心理和社会因素，认识旅游者类型及其特点。
第四部分介绍旅游业的基本性质和特点，旅游业的构成要素及其相互之间的关系，旅游业宏微观管理的基本知识。
第五部分介绍旅游商务运营的相关知识。
旅游资源的利用，旅游行业的组织结构状况及旅游业组织的整合，旅游企业的运作、游客管理和辅助性服务，政府在旅游业发展中的角色和作用等。
第六部分论述目的地国家或地区发展旅游的收益与成本。
认识旅游不仅对接待地区经济、社会、文化、环境和政治带来积极的影响，开发管理不当，还可能会带来巨大的破坏。
旅游开发是十分复杂的社会、经济、生态活动，必须科学规划，严格管理，遵循生态经济规律和市场经济规律，才能确保旅游发展的永续性。
考虑到旅游的社会和环境问题日益突出，本部分将特别介绍国际最新的旅游业环境-社会界面管理模式。
第七部分预测影响旅游业未来发展演变的重要趋势性因素，勾画未来旅游发展蓝图，并介绍世界各国前沿性的旅游研究结论与规划管理理念。
四、教学环节与课时《旅游学概论》双语教学总课时数为72课时，具体课时分配详见课时分配表。
本门课程采用多媒体教学手段，以课堂讲授为主，理论实践课时14课时，其中研究性训练4课时，所设计的问题用来衡量学生对主要问题的理解；实践案例讨论10课时，要求学生应用所学过的内容来解答问题，这些问题可以是书面作业，也可以是课堂讨论。
两项实践课时占总课时数的20%。
课时分配详见具体章节。
五、测试要求课程测试采用闭卷形式，以百分制计分。
其中，客观题占40%分值，包括单项选择题、多向选择提、填空题、判断并改错题；主观题占60%，题目类型包括名词解释、简答题、论述题和案例分析题。
按照学校命题要求和授课情况选择具体题型：“期末考试一律用外语命题，学生用外语作答的比例应占总分的60%以上（其中以简答、论述题形式要求学生外语作答的比例应占总分的20%以上）”。
按照学校课程考试办法规定，本课程的成绩：“由平时成绩、期中成绩、期末考试成绩构成，具体比例为2：2：6。
期中考试成绩低于60分或平时成绩低于60分者（按百分制计），即认定该课程为不及格，不得参加期末考试。
凡课程期末考试成绩低于50分者（按百分制计），即认定该课程不及格，不再与平时成绩、期中考试成绩综合评定计算课程考核成绩。
”六、参考书目1.J Christopher Holloway.The Business of Tourism.外语教学语研究出版社20042.Tourism Geography.Stephen Williams.Routledge.London.19983.Mcintosh&Goeldner.Tourism:Principles,Practices,Philosophies(SixthEdition).John Wiley&Sons.19904.Adrain Bull.The Economics of Travel And Tourism(Second Edition)东北财经大学出版社20045.Dennis Nash.Anthropology of Tourism.Pergamon.19966.Chris Cooper Et Al,Tourism:Principles and Practice(Second Edition),Longman,1998.7.Clare A.Gunn,Tourism Planning:Basics,Concepts,Cases(Fourth Edition),Taylor&Francis,2002.8.Edward Inskeep,Tourism Planning:An Integrated and Sustainable DevelopmentApproach,Van Nostrand Reinhold,1991.9.A J Veal,Research Methods for Leisure and Tourism:A Practical Guide,PersonEducation Limited,1997.10.Stephen Smith,Tourism Analysis.Second Edition.Longman,199611.保继刚.旅游地理学.高等教育出版社.2003年12.查尔斯·R·戈尔德耐等.旅游业教程：原理、方法与实践（第八版），大连理工大学出版社，2003年13.李天元.旅游学概论.南开大学出版社，2004年14.伦纳德·J·利克里什等.旅游学通论.中国旅游出版社，2002年15.罗贝尔·郎加尔.国际旅游.商务印书馆，1997年16.罗明义.旅游经济分析.云南大学出版社.2002年17.史蒂芬·佩吉等.现代旅游管理导论.电子工业出版社，2004年18.威廉·瑟厄波德.全球旅游新论.中国旅游出版社，2001年19.吴必虎.区域旅游规划原理.中国旅游出版社.2001年20.谢彦君.基础旅游学（第二版）.中国旅游出版社，2004年21.与《旅游学概论》命名类似的同层次旅游专业教科书22.《旅游学刊》、《旅游管理》杂志各期ContentsPart1An Introduction to Tourism(14teaching hours)Topic1.General Knowledge of Tourism and Tourism Industry(2teaching hours)1.1.A General Description of Tourism Nowadays(1teaching hour)1.2.The importance of tourism(0.5teaching hour)1.3.Basic approaches to the study of tourism(0.5class hour)Topic2What is tourism（6teaching hours）2.1.The multiple facets of tourism(2teaching hours)2.2.Definition of tourism(2teaching hours)2.3.Relationship between leisure,recreation and tourism(1classhour)2.4.Categories of Tourism Activities(1teaching hour)Topic3Tourism System(6teaching hours)3.1.Introduction to Leiper’s Model(2teaching hours)3.2.Tourist(2teaching hours)3.3.Tourist product(2teaching hours)Part2History of tourism(8teaching hours)Topic1From the Origin to the Age of Steam(4teaching hours)1.1.The primitive society1.2.The slavery society1.3.Middle Ages1.4.Developments in road transport in the seventeenth to earlynineteenth centuries1.5.The Grand Tour1.6.Tourism in the nineteenth centuryTopic2Tourism in the twentieth century(4teaching hours)2.1The first fifty years2.2Tourism since World War IIPart3Tourist Motivation and Behaviour(8teaching hours) Topic1The Tourist’s Needs and Wants(3teaching hours)1.1Maslow’s hierarchy of needs1.2Why Do People Travel?1.3The Motivation ProcessTopic2General and Specific Motivation(2teaching hours)2.1General motivation2.2Specific motivation2.3Motivators and FacilitatorsTopic3Factors that influence motivation(3teaching hours)3.1psychological factors3.2Sociological factors3.3The process of decision-makingPart4Tourist Industry(6teaching hours)Topic1What is tourism industry?(2teaching hours)1.1Definition of tourism industry1.2The Characteristics of tourism industry1.3The structure of tourism industryTopic2Common-interest organizations(2teaching hour)2.1Sectoral organizations2.2Destination organizations2.3Tourism organizationsTopic3Integration in the tourism industry(2teaching hour)3.1The benefit of size3.2Horizontal integration3.3Vertical integrationPart5The Business of Tourism(14teaching hours)Topic1Tourism sectors1.1Tourist Attractions(2teaching hours)1.2Amenities(2class hours)1.3Access(2class hours)1.4Ancillary services(2class hours)1.5Middlemen(2class hours)Topic2The structure and role of public sector tourism(4teaching hours)2.1The nature of government involvement(2class hours)2.2The organization of public sector tourism(1.5class hours)2.3Functional roles of NPOs and NGOs(0.5class hours)Part6Development of tourismTopic1The impact of tourism（6class hours）1.1The economic impact of tourism(2class hours)1.2The environmental effects of tourism(2class hours)1.3The socio-cultural effects of tourism(2class hours)Topic2Tourist destination management（6class hours）2.1The destination life cycle(2class hours)2.2Tourist carrying capacity(2class hours)2.3Stakeholders and their perspectives(1class hour)2.4The management of tourist destination/site(1class hour)Topic3Tourism planning（6class hours）3.1Why tourism planning is necessary(1class hour)3.2Planning for control and conservation(3.5class hours)3.3Sustainable tourism(1.5class hours)Part7The future of tourism(4teaching hours)Topic1Issues confronting developing countries(2class hours)1.1the role and value of developing countries in global tourismindustry(0.5class hour)1.2the features of tourism in developing countries(2class hours)1.3planning and management(0.5class hour)Topic2The future development of tourism(2class hours)2.1Prospects of tourism(0.5class hour)2.2factors influencing the future development of tourism(1.5class hours)Part1An Introduction to Tourism(14teaching hours)Topic1.General Knowledge of Tourism and Tourism Industry(4teaching hours)Teaching Objective:To give the students a general idea of the development of tourism and tourism industry at present days in the world and the importance of tourism in worldwide economy;to get to know the different approaches of studying tourism.Key and Difficult Points:1.Different statistical figures to support the statements about the descriptions of tourism;2.The importance of tourism to different countries’economy;3.Approaches of studying tourism4.Some special terms of tourism and tourism industry1.1.A General Description of Tourism Nowadays(1teaching hour)Tourism is now generally regarded as one of the most important economic,social and cultural influences of modern times.As one of the largest and fastest growing industries,tourism is a large and dynamic business in the whole world.Tourism is probably the single most important industry in the world.It currently accounts for at least6per cent of the world’s gross domestic product(GDP),and the employs127million people around the world,one job in every fifteen.1.2.The importance of tourism(0.5teaching hour)Tourism has grown to be an activity of worldwide importance and significance:●The third largest retail industry and facilitate the local economy as a whole●One of the top ten private employer●Accounts for billions in domestic and foreign visitor spending,exceeding5percentof the GDP●Directly employs millions persons at every level of skill●Generate billions wages and salaries and tax revenues●Has become a major social and economic force in the world1.3.Basic approaches to the study of tourism(0.5teaching hour)●Institutional approach—considers the various intermediaries and institutions thatperform the tourism activities.it emphasizes institutions such as travel agency.●Product approach—involves the study of various tourism products of how they areproduced,marketed and consumed.●Historical approach—involves analysis of tourism activities and institutions froman evolutionary angle.●Managerial approach—firm oriented(microeconomic),focusing on themanagement activities necessary to operate tourist enterprises,such as planning,research,pricing,advertising,control,and the like.●Economic approach—focus on supply,demand,balance of payment,foreignexchange,employment,multipliers,and other economic factors,●Sociological approach—study the tourism behavior of individuals,groups ofpeople,and the impact of tourism on society.●Geographical approach—specializes in the study of location,environment,climate,landscape,and economic aspects.●Interdisciplinary(systematic)approach—integrates the other approaches into acomprehensive method dealing with both micro and macro issues,such aspsychological,legal,political economic and social systems.Topics for discussion:1.How do you understand the importance of tourism to the local economy intourism a destination place?(host place)2.Why do a lot of Asian countries try to develop tourism industry?3.How do you describe the prospects of the tourism in China in the future,sayby2020?Topic2What is tourism（6teaching hours）Learning objectives:●Understand what tourism is and its multidimensional aspects.●Distinguish tourism from travel,leisure and recreation●Know the nature of a tour and its characteristics●Define what is meant by tourism,both conceptually and technicallyKey points for review:Basic parts of tourism Tourism definitions Recreation TripImportance of tourism The host community Study approaches to tourism Contents:2.1The multiple facets of tourism(2teaching hours)Tourism is neither a phenomenon nor a simple set of industries.It has multidimensional aspects as:●A human activity,which encompasses human behavior,use of resources,andinteraction with other people,economies and environments.●Just one form of recreation,along with sports activities,hobbies and pastimes,and thatof all of these activities are discretionary uses of our leisure time.●A physical movement of people away from their normal place of residence.●A composite of activities,services,and industries that deliver a travel experience forindividuals or groups that are traveling away from home.●Encompasses all providers of visitors-related services.●An opportunity to make a profit by supplying the goods and services that the touristsmarket demand.●The entire world industry of travel,hotels,transportations,and all other components.●Mostly Using of an individual’s discretionary time,but inevitably linked withobligations,such as business or health requirements.2.2Definition of tourism(2teaching hours)Any attempt to define tourism and to describe fully its scope must consider the various groups that participate in and affected by this industry.Their perspectives are vital to the development of a comprehensive definition:1.From the perspective of the tourist.2.From the perspective of the business providing tourist goods and services3.From the perspective of the government of the host community or area4.From the perspective of the host community●Conceptual definition—“the sum of the phenomena and relationships arising fromthe travel and stay of non-residents,in so far as they do not lead to permanentresidence and are not connected to any earning activity.”(Held by Professors Hunzikerand Krapf of Berne University,in1942.For a deeper understanding of the subject thanthe mere technicalities):●Technical or working definition—Tourism comprises the activities of personstraveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more thanone consecutive year for leisure,business or other purposes.Tourism may or may notinvolve overnight stay away from home.(Based on distance traveled,the length oftime spend,and the purpose of the trip.This definition Devised by the WTO andendorsed by the UN Statistical Commission in1993in order to provide identifiable,preferable measurable,variable with which to undertake analysis)2.3Relationship between leisure,recreation and tourism(1class hour)●Trip—each time a person goes to a place at least100miles(10kms and stay at least6hours in China)away from home and returns or is out of town one or more nights.●Travel—the action of activities of people taking trips to a place or places outside oftheir home communities for any purpose except daily commuting to and from work●Tourism—a term that is synonymous with travel now.●Recreation—the action and activities of people engaging in constructive andpersonally pleasurable use of leisure time.Recreation may include passive or activeparticipation in individual or group sports,cultural functions,natural and humanhistory appreciation,non-formal education,pleasure travel,sightseeing,andentertainment.Differentiating forms of experiences(figure)2.4Categories of Tourism Activities(1teaching hour)Tourism activities are of various types.They can be classified in different ways.●Classified according to where the tourists travel to(the destination place):1.domestic tourism2.international tourism3.cross-continent tourism4.around-the-world tourism(global tourism)5.regional tourism●Classified according to how far the tourists travel(the distance)1.far-distance tourism2.near-distance tourism(excursion)●Classified according to for what the tourism travel(purposes)1.holiday tourism2.business tourism3.other tourism●Classified according to how the tourists are organized to travel(travel forms)1.tour in groups2.individual tour●Classified according to how the tourists are charged(payment)1.package tour,including ITX,IT and CIT2.non-package tour●Classified according to who pays for the travel(fund source)1.Self-funded tour(recreational traveller,price elastic market)2.business tour(including i ncentive trip)●Classified according what means of transportation the tourists takeCase problem and discussion:1.Find from textbooks any three definitions of tourism.Do they agree?If not,why doyou think not?2.Explain in your own words the discrepancy between consumer’s,producer’s,andresearcher’s view of tourism.Topic3Tourism System(6teaching hours)Teaching Objective:To have a systematic knowledge of tourism and tourism structure, to get to know different elements and factors of tourism,to understand the relationships of these elements and factors.Define who is tourist.Define what is tourism product Identify the characteristic of tourism product.Identify the integral and associated sectors of the tourism industryContents:3.1Introduction to Leiper’s Model(2teaching hours)Geographical elements—Traveler-generating region,tourist destination region and transit route region（1）The traveler-generating region(also refer to the origin region)represents the generating market for tourism and,in a sense,provides the“push”to stimulate andmotivate travel.It is from this place that the potential tourists search for information,make the bookings and depart for different destinations.（2）The tourist transit route region does not simply represent the short period of travel to reach the destination,but also includes the intermediate places which may bevisited en route.There is always an interval in trip when the traveler feels he has lefthis home region but has not yet arrived.（3）The tourist destination is a crucial element of tourism system.It represents the third element of Leiper’s tourism system that focuses on the supply side for the tourist.Inmay aspects this is the most important one because destinations,and their images,attract tourists,motivate the visit and therefore energize the whole tourist system.Not only does the destination provide a focal point for tourism activity but it alsorepresents the“pull”factor for the tourist.●Environments for tourism—human,socio-culture,economical,technological,political and legal,etc.●Topic for discussion:1.Tell the location of tourism industry.2.Tell different functions of the three regions.3.What is your understanding of the system?4.What interactions may happen in the system?3.2Tourist(2teaching hours)Many definitions of“the tourist”are based on distance traveled,the length of time spent, and the purpose of the trip:●Visitor—any person visiting a country other than that in which he has his usual placeof residence,for any reason other than following an occupation remunerated fromwithin the country visited●Tourists—who were classified as temporary visitors staying at least24hours,whosepurpose could be categorized as leisure(whether for recreation,health,sport,holiday,study or religion),or business,family,mission or meeting.●Excursionists(Day-visitor)—who were classed as temporary visitors stay less than24hours,including cruise travelers but excluding travelers in transit.●Foreign tourist—a person visiting a country,other than that in witch he usuallyresides,for a period of at least24hours.●Domestic tourist—who travels away from his home for a distance of at least50miles(one way)for business,pleasure,personal affairs,or any other purpose exceptto commute to work,whether he stays overnight or return the same day.●Defining a tourist—(see Figure1.1at page3)3.3Tourist product(2teaching hours)●Defining tourist product—1)the Total product:Tourist product is,from the standpoint of the tourist,a total of experiences a tourist gets from the trip.It may be easilyvisualized as everything that a tourist uses,consumes or acquires on one trip.It is thetotal sum of all services provided to a tourist during the total process of his tour.Included in it are attractions,access,amenities and ancillary services.2)the specificproduct:Tourist can also be defined as the specific segments of the services offered forsale by different tourism enterprises or tourism related enterprises to satisfy thedifferent needs of the tourist during his trip.●Characteristics of tourist product:1)Intangibility2)Simultaneity3)Perishability4)Inseparability5)Complementarity6)VariabilityTopics for discussion:1.In what way is the tourist product different from other products of other industries?2.What problems do we likely meet when we are doing marketing and promotion of thetourist product?3.How to understand complementarity in tourist product?4.How to understand the intangibility of the tourist product?5.Why is the production and consumption of tourist product happening simultaneously?6.How do you identify tourism products from tourism goods?Teaching methods:Instructing and discussingSelected references1.J Christopher Holloway.The Business of Tourism.外语教学语研究出版社20042.Mcintosh&Goeldner.Tourism:Principles,Practices,Philosophies(Sixth Edition).John Wiley&Sons.19903.Adrain Bull.The Economics of Travel And Tourism(Second Edition)东北财经大学出版社20044.Chris Cooper Et Al,Tourism:Principles and Practice(Second Edition),Longman,1998.5.Stephen Smith,Tourism Analysis.Second Edition.Longman,19966.查尔斯·R·戈尔德耐等.旅游业教程：原理、方法与实践（第八版），大连理工大学出版社，2003年7.李天元.旅游学概论.南开大学出版社，2004年8.伦纳德·J·利克里什等.旅游学通论.中国旅游出版社，2002年9.谢彦君.基础旅游学（第二版）.中国旅游出版社，2004年Part2History of tourism(8teaching hours)Topic1The history of tourism:From its origins to the age of steam(4class hours)Learning objectives:●Know and appreciate some history of travel●Explain the historical changes,which have affected the growth and development of thetourism from its earliest days●Understand why particular forms of travel and destinations were chose by the earlytourists●Identify and distinguish between enabling conditions and motivation factors affectingtourism demandKey points for reviewHistory of travel The grand tour Travel modes The Spas1.Where does tourism develop and in what form?2.How is tourism developed?3.What inhibited travel in the Middle Ages?Are there any similarities you can detectwith factors that still inhibit travel at the beginning of the21st century?4.Discuss the relationship between health and travel5.How important are tourist attractions?6.Who was the first travel agent,and what basic concepts of travel services did heformulated?Contents:1.1The primitive society●The Old Stone Age,The New Stone Age,The Copper Age,●The Three Divisions of labor●Travel seemed impossible due to the backward productivity and lack of livingnecessities.●Migrations did exist but different from travelPeople traveled mainly driven by hunger or escape danger,their forms are widely distributed.They had remarkable ability to travel great distances under primeval conditions.In the ancient cradle of Western civilization,travel for trade,commerce,religious,medical treatment,or education developed at an early date:Babylonia,Egyptians,Phoenicians,Ancient Greece,Ancient Roman and The Mediterranean People.1.2The slavery society●People began traveling for the sake of trading,but limited to very few●Babylonian and Egyptian Empires—travels similar to tourism appeared(read the text onpage17)●Roman Empire—It was under the Roman Empire that international travel first becameimportant:wider roads were built,Roman coinage was accepted everywhere in Europe, Latin was the common language of the day,spa became popular,second home were nuilt by the wealthy,cruise began its early form.(read the text on page18,19)1.3Middle Ages●The collapse of the Roman Empire—Travel became more dangerous,difficult and lessattractive,most pleasure travel was undertaken close to home,●but adventurers sought for fame and fortune through travel,merchants travel extensivelyto seek new trade opportunities.●Closer to home,holidays plays an important role in the life of the public—religiousrelaxation,pilgrimages were undertaken●Travel was the privilege of the rich and the ruling class.1.4Developments in road transport in the seventeenth to early nineteenthcenturies●Before the sixteenth century there were three modes for people to travel on land—walk,horse,litter or carrier’s wagon.This horse-drawn wagon was slow and uncomfortable, being without springs,and the roads of the time were poorly surfaced,and the journey was unsafe.●By the mid-seventeenth century,coach with springs was developed.Coaches wereoperating regularly in Britain.Stagecoaches appeared in England as early as the seventeenth century were used widely throughout continental Europe by the middle of the eighteenth century,inns sprang up to serve the needs of overnight guests,●In the eighteenth century,the introduction of turnpike roads,which provided improvedsurfaces for which tolls would be charged,enabled stagecoaches carrying8to14 passengers to cover upwards of40miles a day.●By the1820s,the horse-drawn omnibus was a common sight in London and Paris,greatly improving local city transportation.(read text on page20)1.5The Grand Tour●From the early seventeenth century,a new form of tourism developed,as a result ofRenaissance—Under the reign of Elizabeth I,young people seeking for positions at court were encouraged to travel to the Continent to finish their education.This practice was soon adopted by others high in the social circles,and it eventually became customary for the education of a gentleman accompanied by a tutor and often lasting three years or more.●The Grand Tour—Educational Tour or Travels for reasons of education was encouragedby the fact that under Elizabeth I a special license had to be obtained from Crown in order to travel abroad,universities had the privilege of granting licenses themselves forthe purpose of scholarship.●By the end of the eighteenth century,the custom had become institutionalized for thegentry.As a result,European centres were opened up to the British travelers.1.6Tourism in the nineteenth century●The conditions favoring the expansion of travel●Industrial Revolution●The age of steam●Thomas Cook(1808~1892)Case problem and discussionHow successful do you think the Spa tour will be in Yunnan Province?Will it enjoy the same benefits as spas on mainland Europe?What form of support should government,local authorities or other bodies offer which would help to regenerate the use of spas?Topic2Tourism in the20th century(4class hours)Learning objectives:●Describe the growth of the mass tourism movement●Explain the origins and development of the package holiday●Analyze the factors influencing travel in the20th century and up to the present day Key points for reviewPackage tour Business travel the Conference and incentive travelThe all-inclusive holiday1.Have travel patterns changed a great deal in the past20years?What elements have notchanged?2.Why the air travel becomes dominant in long-distance transportation?Is this true incountries Other than the United States?3.Under what conditions does tourism develop,in the sense of generating both demandfor travel and a supply of tourist facilities?4.List the factors leading to the emerging of mass tourism?Contents:2.1The first fifty years(0.5class hour)●The origins of mass tourism;●The arrival of the holiday camp;●The growth of government involvement2.2Tourism since WWII(1.5class hours)●The aviation industry and shipping business in the post-war period desire for travel●The development of the package tour●Private motoring and holidays;Government policy in the mass-market era;thegrowing importance of business travel;the conference and incentive travel business●The All-inclusive holiday●Factor influencing changes in tourism demandTeaching methodsInstructing and discussingCase problem and discussionWhat will tourism industry be like in the year2020?Selected references1.J Christopher Holloway.The Business of Tourism.外语教学语研究出版社20042.Mcintosh&Goeldner.Tourism:Principles,Practices,Philosophies(Sixth Edition).John Wiley&Sons.19903.查尔斯·R·戈尔德耐等.旅游业教程：原理、方法与实践（第八版），大连理工大学出版社，2003年4.伦纳德·J·利克里什等.旅游学通论.中国旅游出版社，2002年5.罗贝尔·郎加尔.国际旅游.商务印书馆，1997年6.威廉·瑟厄波德.全球旅游新论.中国旅游出版社，2001年。