8. Differentiate words or expressions which are similar in form but different in meaning

A drawing-room A retiring man
Meaning Extension
Translate the following sentences:
5. Judging from the context






(1). It’s a crime you didn’t finish school. 你上学没有毕业真是个憾事。 (2). Haig was planning a new attack but the Germans beat him and launched theirs on 21 March. 海格在计划一次新的进攻，但德国人赶在 他的前面于3月21日发起了进攻。 (3). If misery loves company, so do sports fans. 同病相怜，排长队买票看比赛的人也总是 互相照顾着。



G. Leech’s seven types of meaning in Semantics: conceptual meaning connotative meaning social meaning affective meaning reflected meaning collocative meaning thematic meaning
2．Judging from the part of speech



He likes mathematics more than physics. 他喜欢数学甚于喜欢物理学。（动词） He does not look like his brother. 他看起来不像他兄弟。（介词） Like knows like. 英雄识英雄。（名词） We will never see his like again. 我们再也见不到他那样的人了。（名词） Like charges repel; unlike charges attract. 相同的电荷相斥，不同的电荷相吸。（形容词） The teacher cannot cite a like instance. 老师一时举不出类似的例子。（形容词）

(1). A porter is a baggage carrier. (2). Flies and mosquitoes are carriers of infectious diseases. (3). The pilot landed his plane on the aircraft carrier.
References:



1. 说到办公室明争暗斗那一套，波拉可是无师 自通。 2. 他是个难对付的人。 3. 他告诉我说，领导这场运动的人都是优秀人才 。 4. 尽管有重重阻碍我仍希望那本书能如期出版。 5. 即使对他的老朋友杰克，他也爱耍卑鄙手段。 6. 我的邻居真爱炫耀，碰到什么人她都要谈到她 那有钱的家。
1. Paula doesn’t need any lessons when it comes to office politics. 2. He was a tough proposition. 3. He told me that the people leading the movement were the salt of the earth. 4. I hope the book will come out on time in spite of all the bottlenecks. 5. He is a weasel even to his old friend Jack. 6. What a peacock my neighbor is. She always talks about her rich family while meeting anybody.
Judging from the Collocation




delicate skin delicate porcelain delicate upbringing delicate living delicate health delicate stomach delicate vase delicate diplomatic question delicate difference delicate surgical operation delicate ear for music delicate sense of smell delicate touch delicate food delicate features
4. Judging from the style of expression and affective difference



(1). Wife 妻子、爱人、夫人、老婆、老伴、媳妇、 堂客、内人、贱内、拙荆、家里的 Potato 马铃薯、洋芋、土豆、山药蛋 President: 总统、总裁、主席、董事长、议长、会长、 社长、校长 (2). Winds / red flower / green willow
3．Judgingቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱfrom the Collocation


“ …who is a good Christian, a good parent, a good child, a good wife or a good husband…” --Vanity Fair 虔诚的教徒 a faithful Christian 慈爱的父母 a loving parent 孝顺的儿女 a obedient child 贤良的妻子 a virtuous wife 尽职的丈夫 a dutiful husband




对许多家庭来说，夫妻俩都去上班赚钱是迫不得已 的事，在东京尤其如此。 3. John was a fool for danger. 约翰是天不怕地不怕的。 4. This is an “egg-and-hen” question. 这是一个长期争论不休的问题。
Meaning Extension

英、汉两种语言是两个不同语系的语言，由于文化、政治、生活 习惯、生活环境、思维方式等方面的差异，两种语言在词语的内 涵意义、搭配意义以及句子结构上，存在许多差异。英汉互译时 ，总有些词或词组难以按原文的字面意义直接译出来。为了使译 文通顺达意，常常根据上下文和逻辑关系将原文的内涵意义挖掘 出来。这种方法就叫词义引申法。引申词义要根据上下文的内在 联系和逻辑关系，透过原文的表层结构，用恰当的译入语和符合 译入语习惯的表达法将原文词语的深层意义表达出来，不能主观 随意，不能脱离原文词义的基本范围。

中华文明是存在最长、从未间断过的一个文明。

(2). Washington wants to maintain an American presence in that region.
7．Use different Chinese words to translate the same English word and vice versa
Words without Equivalents

Teenager Clock-watcher A throwaway society
1. Determine whether the meaning is commendatory, neutral or derogatory


(1) I am very reluctant to give up an ambition which I have cherished for over twenty years. (2) The domineering ambition of Hitler’s Germany was not satisfied.

Newmark: The chief difficulties in translation are lexical, not grammatical, that is, words, collocation and fixed phrases or idioms; these include neologisms and “unfindable” words. Difficulties with words are of two kinds: a. you do not understand them; b. you find them hard to translate.
英汉翻译理论与技巧 之词汇翻译

The fact is that while without grammar very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed. (Wilkins 1972:11) 翻译的基本单位不是词语这一层面，但是， 透彻理解原文词语的含义并用准确的译文 词语表达出来则是翻译的核心工作之一。


Word-for-word Correspondence



Marxism = 马克思主义 Aspirin = 阿司匹林 H-beam = 工字梁 o-ring = 环形圈 u-steel = 槽钢 v-belt = 三角皮带 x-brace = 交叉支撑 y-curve = 叉形曲线


Methods of Extension：
I. Generalization II. Specification III. Logical Extension